Justinian I Essay -- essays research papers fc

Justinian I Justinian had a very significant role in worldhistory. There ar m both things that atomic number 18overlooked when speaking of Justinian. For instance,Justinian was a great architect. Many meterswe overlook the little characteristics of Justinian and wefocus on the code of Justinian. Justinianwas born a barbarian, probably born of Slavic parents inIllyia. We know nothing of his early yearsexcept that his uncle adopted him. His uncle was Justin I,the emperor of Constantinople. Then in527 A.D., Justin made Justinian a co-ruler. Four monthslater, when Justin died, Justinian becamethe sole emperor. This was the beginning of Justiniansfamous rule, which lasted from 527 A.D.through 565 A.D. (The Reign of Justinian). The reign ofJustinian was significant in many ways.First of all, it marked the final rarity of the Roman Empire. Itwas the establishment of the NewByzantine empire. It was also the beginning of WesternEuropes unique position within thecivilization of the old wo rld. The holiness of Islam spreadand the Franks rose to power (The Reignof Justinian). Among other things, Justinians rule saw aflourishment in the areas of architecture, thearts, and literature. It was a time of re-building for theempire. Justinian pursued an ambitious ambitiousness of restoring the old Roman Empire. In fact, Justinianled the Byzantine army in many wars toregain this land. These wars destroyed much of the greatarchitecture that Justinian himself hadcreated. More than any other series of events before of sincethat time. Justinian was successful indriving out the Ostrogoths from Italy, and the Vandals fromAfrica. During the western warsJustinian bought peace of mind with the Persians, weakened theempire, and oppressed his subjects(Justinian).Justinian tried to restore the empire to go over the size thatit was at the time of the Roman Empire.These immense military efforts did all but exhaust theempires treasury. He even had to pay Persiafor peace just so that he co uld have a free hand in the west.However, even after Justiniansimmense efforts, after his death, most of Italy, southerlySpain, and Africa were once againrecaptured, leaving only Justinians dream of restoring theempire to the glory it once knew. Hisdream had failed (The Empire at the time of Justinian). Thewesterners didnt privation to return tosome of the old Roman ways such as Roman taxation,... ...e of the capital city, a number of distinguishedliterary figures of Justinians time poppedup. Their works were largely influenced by the great Greekphilosopher such as Aristotle andPlato. It is said that if Justinian had sided with theChristians when dealing with the Classical Greekteachings, he would be cutting a major part of his heritage.The people, most of which, were notprepared for such an action (The Empire at the time ofJustinian). Even though his dream ofrestoration had failed, he didnt fail in all areas. many ofthe areas such as art, literature,architecture, and the famed Co de of Justinian, are stillaround today. Parts of the code are found inlaws of different countries. Justinians reign would prove tobe beneficial not only to his empire, butto the world as we know it today. Justinian was a veryimportant ruler who did much to influencehistory. BibliographyEmpire at the time of Justinian, The-www.greece.org/Romiosini/constple.htmlJustinian-www.ukans.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/justinian.htmlJustinians Code- www.wwlia.org/history.htm529Reign of Justinian, The -www.ukans.org/kansas/medieval/108/justinian.html*All authors are alien*

Dyslexia: What It Can Teach Us :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Dyslexia What It Can Teach UsWhat is a skill disorder and what posterior sharp more ab bulge learning disorders tell us about our own learning? Scientific research has acknowledged that many learning disorders are truly retributive the edge of what is the normal spectrum in human capabilities.(1) Children with learning disabilities differ from one another and from other readers along a continuous distribution.(2) The aptitude to read depends upon fast and precise understanding and decoding of single words.(2) A disabled readers IQ tells very little about their skills. Disabled readers with varying IQ can display exactly the same progress, and neurobiological symptoms. This tells us that the IQ is not a suitable indicator of disability in basic reading skills. That is just one example of the many things that we can learn from people with learning disabilities that we can apply to all people. We will also see that by studying students with dyslexia we can see some of the importan t brain functions in reading.For a long time, research in the scientific community in respect to learning disabilities was slim. One problem in recent decades is that scientists have spent a lot of time searching for the basis of the disorder as opposed to the solution. This has created a chasm between the scientific and the educational worlds. Teachers were experiencing frustration with the influence that PhDs and MDs have on their curriculum.(2) Some teachers feel that when help is provided it can be in a non-helpful manner. Researchers dont unceasingly take into consideration what it was really like to be teaching. When we think about learning in a broad scale we think about it as repetition of memorization. On a cellular level learning is the result of change in the strength of a connection due to synaptic activity.(3) At larger levels Hebbian ideals cant really be taken much farther than simple behaviors. We can use Hebbian learning to explain repetitive actions that allow us to learn, place a piece of music. A musician plays a piece of music over and over again, until he/she knows it really well. At this point the synapses that were being employ in the musicians brain have physically and chemically changed so that there is now a stronger connection.Can we explain learning disorders with Hebbian theory? Surprisingly we can. It turns out that dyslexics fail to increase activation in order to make the connections between phonologic structures and sounds.

Freedom Summer comparisons with Era of Reconstruction :: essays research papers

exemption Summer comparisons with Era of reconstructive memoryWith the end of the Civil war, legion(predicate) sinisters felt that they would start reaping the benefits that had been denied from them for years. Being able to vote, own land, have a voice in political affairs were all goals that they felt were reachable. The era of Reconstruction was the miracle they had been searching for. But the South wasnt going down without a fight and blacks would have to wait at least 100 years for Freedom Summer to arrive to receive the miracle they wanted. 100 years it took for equality to become more than just a word but a way of life for blacks. But they did enjoy some privileges that werent available to them.Voting is one thing that was still nigh when Freedom Summer came and when I say around I mean available. Let me explain during the Reconstruction era blacks were able to vote. But most of them didnt due to a number of factors. A duad of these being poll taxes, literacy tests, gran dfather clauses, etc. And if that werent enough you still had the Klan that would destroy any black polling booth and/or shoot, intimidate, and kill any black person trying to vote especially in Mississippi. In the months leading to Freedom Summer the same thing was going on except the rules had changed. These unfermented rules, to keep the black community from voting, were the same as the old except very vague. In document 2 it details these new requirements to become a registered voter. Some of these requirements included being able to read and write a section of the new Constitution, are able to demonstrate a reasonable cause of citizenship, make a sworn written application for registration. So as you can see just like in Reconstruction, the voting power shifts tolerate to the white race. Even if every black could read and write, whos to say what a reasonable understanding of citizenship is.Civil rights is another aspect that didnt change. During Reconstruction, blacks were a lot seen not heard. It was usually the white mans word over the black mans word. Even if there was a crowd of nation that saw what happened, unless they were black, they sided with the white man. But if these actions involved a white man getting hurt or killed for supporting the black community, thats when the government stepped in to put and end to it.

Roxana’s Search for Identity in Daniel Defoe’s Roxana Essay -- Roxana

Roxanas Search for Identity in Daniel Defoes RoxanaIn all of Daniel Defoes major works, his characters always notice a need to narrate their history, specifically through the adventures they had rather than any description of who they were. Some people would suggest that this compulsion to give such an greenback reveals a burden of guilt the narrator is trying to free him or herself from, and an attempt to feel more secure in terms of identity. In the article, why Roxana Can Never Find Herself, Peter New offers his theory to explain why Defoes characters, and Roxana in specific, are unable to obtain any real pledge of identity, even though they employ this method to achieve it. In News definition, a secure identity can only be achieved through a fully ac have intercourseledgment and virtuoso of pride in ones history. Roxana does try to define herself in terms of what she has done rather than who she is, which is an acknowledgment of her past. However, she tells her story because she wants to gain a sense of two freedom and trade protection, but the two are mutually exclusive. If Roxana writes as a penitent, she is choosing to be free from her past, or to disown it, thereby losing her security of identity. However, if she chooses security and owns up to all that she has been, then she can never be freed from her burden of guilt. Thus she is both trying to embrace and to reject her own history (318). We hear this tendency towards confusion and contradiction in Roxana all throughout the novel. She is constantly rationalizing her actions in the past, but immediately following that with a description of her feelings of guilt and regret. In News interpretation, it is this tendency which proves that Roxana can never really find herself becaus... ...this theory to show that although Roxana is desperately trying to define herself and discover her true identity, ironically, her selves will never be able to be integrated. His final conclusion about Roxanas charac ter is that She is condemned to search for an identity in the story of her selves and be unable ever to find it, because she both wants and does not want to be legion (329). This article presents an interesting, and valid argument about the character of Roxana in all her complexities. However, I think other arguments could be as plausible, depending on your viewpoint of Roxana. Are we to see her as insecure in her identity and confused as to what she wants? And if so, can we ever really know her true character if she cannot ever know her self? Work CitedNew, Peter. Why Roxana Can Never Find Herself. The Modern Language Review 91 (1996) 317-329.

Pressures Of Society :: essays research papers

Pressures of SocietyOur behavior usually is controlled and decided by us, but that is not endlessly thecase. As we saw in the play Martys behavior was not evermore his own decision.The behavior of any person can be greatly manipulated by society. There are afew points in the play and in normal life that can prove this statement is true.Martys actions were greatly influenced by the views of his family and friends.Marty was squeeze into many actions by the people around him. A person willconsider what other tells them as much as what they believe in themselves.Marty was always a quiet man that didnt like going out, it was his family andfriends that told him to do so. It was his decision, but it wasnt his choice.Marty did not want to go anywhere yet he did merely because his friends and familytold him so. It is not always easy to refuse such thing, Marty had to make adecision and decided he should go out. By analyzing the pros and cons he made adecision, basing it on knowledge and commonsense, after all going out is not abad thing.But what if there is no decision? What if the person is forced to do somethingthat he does not agree with? This can be blamed on the pressure of society aswell, sometimes you do something that you know you dont want just becausesomeone is forcing you. Marty showed such behavior many times throughout theplay. It was not always a conscious decision every time that Marty did what hedid, he based many of his decisions just on what his friends and family told him.It is this play that made me think, that our decisions and choices are based onwhat we think just as much as what others think. It is not always your choiceand it is not always what you want that you do. For example I am writing thisessay because someone told me so, and it is not my choice either to do it or not,I can decide if to do so but that doesnt leave with other options. Some actionspeople do are subconsciously inputted by society, that means that there was nospecific som eone that told you what to do, yet you still do it because societyhas set this standard. This type of action can be seen in anyone at every givenday. It can range from the simpler things like dressing up, and looking good all

Pressures Of Society :: essays research papers

Pressures of SocietyOur behavior usually is controlled and decided by us, however that is not always thecase. As we saw in the play Martys behavior was not always his own decision.The behavior of any someone shtup be greatly manipulated by society. There are afew points in the play and in normal life that can prove this statement is true.Martys actions were greatly influenced by the views of his family and friends.Marty was forced into many actions by the people around him. A person willconsider what other tells them as often as what they study in themselves.Marty was always a quiet man that didnt like going out, it was his family andfriends that told him to do so. It was his decision, but it wasnt his superior.Marty did not want to go anywhere yet he did just because his friends and familytold him so. It is not always easy to refuse such thing, Marty had to make adecision and decided he should go out. By analyzing the pros and cons he make adecision, basing it on bopledge a nd commonsense, after all going out is not abad thing.But what if there is no decision? What if the person is forced to do somethingthat he does not agree with? This can be blamed on the pressure of society aswell, some meters you do something that you know you dont want just becausesomeone is forcing you. Marty showed such behavior many times throughout theplay. It was not always a conscious decision every time that Marty did what hedid, he based many of his decisions just on what his friends and family told him.It is this play that made me think, that our decisions and choices are based onwhat we think just as much as what others think. It is not always your choiceand it is not always what you want that you do. For example I am writing thisessay because someone told me so, and it is not my choice either to do it or not,I can decide if to do so but that doesnt leave with other options. Some actionspeople do are subconsciously inputted by society, that means that there was nospecifi c someone that told you what to do, yet you still do it because societyhas set this standard. This type of action can be seen in anyone at every givenday. It can range from the simpler things like dressing up, and looking good all

Business and People Management Test

All of the following are examples of downward communication flows only managers pointing out problems that need attention employees completing perspective surveys managers telling employees to work more quickly managers informing employees of procedures managers assigning goals 2 points Question 2 are indicators of a strong organizational culture. Widely share values Completely horizontal organizational charts Weak managers Narrowly defined roles Question 3 1 .Consequences of stress can surface as physiologic behavioral psychological all of the above none of the above Question 4 symptoms. 1 . All of the following are characteristics of the organic model except employee empowerment arrow spans of control cross- useable teams cross-hierarchical teams flatness Question 5 1 . A plant manager who organizes the plant by separating engineering, accounting, manufacturing, personnel, and purchasing into departments is practicing differentiations. Reduce functional geographic graphic target customer Question 6 1 . The traditional view of conflict is the belief that conflict is neutral necessary situational-dependent lifelike harmful Question 7 1 . According to the Ohio State studies, the extent to which a leaders behavior is erected toward getting the Job done is called minimization consideration path-goal initiating construction Question 8 1 . Which tactic for overcoming resistance to change basically assumes that the source of resistance lies in misinformation? Caching and advancement education and communication occupation and use of goods and services training and development facilitation and support Question 9 1 . The approach to paygrade that uses feedback from those who render daily contact with an employee (everyone from mailbox personnel to customers to bosses to peers) is termed 360-degree evaluation stem turn incidents M BAA BARS Question 10 1. Research indicates that poor of interpersonal conflict. Communication motivation training hygiene leadership Question 11 is probably the most frequently cited source 1 .Honesty is absolutely essential to leadership. True False Question 12 1 . Which one of the following is not one of the primary ways to group Jobs? Process personality customer function Question 13 1 . Angelina feels that her cubicle neighbor talks as well as loudly on the phone, but in other ways she is a great neighbor. Angelina gets annoyed every time her neighbors phone inns, but she has decided its manifestly not worth the trouble to talk to her neighbor. Angelicas conflict intention is called resisting competing avoiding collaborating compromising Question 14 1 .Legitimate power is based on positive rewards estimable knowledge interpersonal trust structural position respect and admiration Question 15 1 . The step in the action research edge where information is gathered about prognosis evaluation diagnosis feedback action Question 16 1 . The text implies that the type of leader likely to have the most profound effe ct on his or her followers is the reenactments educational transformational transactional actuarial Question 17 leader. 1 .Transformational leadership is built on spend of transactional leadership. Question 18 1. A leader high in initiating structure would do which of the following? Assign group members to particular tasks seek consensus empower employees to demonstrate their own decisions exhibit laissez-fairer type of leadership Question 19 1 . All of the following are factors that serve to sustain organizational cultures except liquidation top management selection frugality orientation Question 20 1 .Diversity training programs are generally intended to provide a fomite for socializing otherwise unmanageable employees balancing work/life conflicts increasing awareness and examining stereotypes eliminating group learning Question 21 1. The unstructured interview is typically biased often only modestly related to future Job performance usually made up of random questions Questio n 22 1 . Who developed a three-step model for change that included unfreezing, movement, and refreezing? David McClellan John Cotter Lawrence Summers Douglas Usurer Kurt Lenin Question 23 .Electronic mail is the ideal method for conveying messages that faculty evoke emotional responses. True Question 24 1 . When a manager is evaluated on the degree to which he or she has a good attitude, the evaluation criterion being used is behaviors. True Question 25 1 . According to the Ohio State studies, the extent to which a leader is likely to have ancestry relationships characterized by mutual trust and respect for his/her employees is consensus-building matrix LAP Question 26 conflict hinders group performance. Formal Functional Reactive Informal nonadaptive

Efficient Financial System: Fuel for Economic Growth Essay

The pecuniary intermediaries and financial markets which form a part of the financial systems are the pillars for economic harvesting leadership to a more practical resource allocation as they decrease the costs of moving funds among lenders and borrowers, thus helping to provide information symmetry mingled with both the parties. However, the inability of these pillars to function together whitethorn result in operational inefficiencies of the economy, negatively affecting the economic growth. The reduction in poverty done greater access to finance and efficient allocation of societal savings promotes financial sector development leading to economic growth.To understand how an efficient financial system fosters economic growth, we need to understand the ways in which such a system eases goods and service exchanges through provision of payment services, help to have and mobilize a large number of investor savings, gather and develop enterprise information and potential investme nt projects, thus ensuring allocation of societal savings to their close to fruitful use, scrutinize investments and wield corpo footstep governance there by reducing the inter-temporal risk and liquidity.However, the disparity across countries with respect to the efficiency with which financial markets and institutions commence the operation costs and information asymmetries, with significant ramifications for economic expansion and development is noteworthy. (http//www. treasury. govt. nz/workingpapers/2004/twp04-17. pdf) To have a better understanding of how an efficient financial system may lead to economic growth, let us consider the following example. With a stable financial institution in place, there have been recent door of a 40 year term mortgage adds in the U.S, however in comparison, in many developing countries lending for housing is limited to atomic number 23 year term brings if at all available. The lending ratios i. e. , the available loan per 1000 communit y vary from four loans per 1,000 people in Albania to almost 800 loans per 1,000 people in Poland. The interest rate spreads i. e. , the disparity between deposit and lending rates vary classically between 2% and 4% in highly-developed financial systems such as USA and Europe as compared to being over 30% in Brazil. Development of the financial sector promotes economic growth through more well-organized allocation of resources and growth due to productivity instead of providing it through the scale of savings mobilization or investment. This promotes economic development by extending entree to external finance thus improving resource allocation and increase in efficiency of reallocation of investment funds across industries. financial development also helps to diminish the force of external shocks on the domestic economy, it being a vital determinant of the balance of trade structure, thus, providing countries with a congenator advantage, in those industries which are mostly depen dent on external finance. Thus, given the significance of an efficient financial system development for economic growth leading to poverty reduction, academicians and policy makers would be similarly interested in and concerned about the building blocks for a strong and efficient financial system.Carlton- Home add For the purpose of investment, a loan for $300,000 in Carlton for ten years has several sources and costs involved. It is best to choose a mortgage loan with fixed rate interest and avail the same from the bank. The rationale for the election is explained below, considering the factors that are involved in the choice, the advantages and its cost. Choice of the Source The home loan market is dynamic and whirl various kinds of loans ranging from mortgage loan, home equity loan, reverse mortgage etc.These are further replete with choices like interest only loans. Consideration the loan for buying an apartment for investment purpose, there are sources available like broking houses, mortgage loan companies and banks. All these sources have a different way of operation, and ecstasy various loan products. The choice of the type of loan depends on certain questions like purpose of the loan, the period for which one plans to stay in the home, the tenor of the loan preferred, preferred amount of down payment, frequency and structure of payment.Each different loan source has its pros and cons. One can select loan types from a choice of Fixed Rate Mortgages (FRM), Adjustable Rate Mortgages (ARM), Balloon Mortgages, no fee and no point programs etc. (Source Factors affecting mortgage rates) For the home loan into consideration, looking at the investment purpose and a horizon of 10 years, the fixed rate mortgage loan happens to be the right choice. Moreover, it is best to avail the loan directly from the bank, rather than a broking house.

Drugs Should Their Sale and Use Be Legalized

Running Head SHOULD DRUGS BE LEGALIZED Comp II Drugs Should Their Sale and Use Be Legalized Arnold Heningburg Palm Beach Atlantic University instructor Heather Patton Drugs Should Their Sale and Use Be Legalized? In the last 50 plus years, the support of legalization of do drugss has been a very hotly argued topic in the United States society and the world. Many believe that street drugs should be legal and everyone should have the choice of utilize them if they desire. After the introduction of these street drugs, (some that were legal for medicinal purposes), they had to be banned in society beca subprogram people were abusing them.Many of these drugs now known as smuggled substances were considered legal and were manufactured and created by chemists, and at some fleck were used for medical reasons. Unfortunately, due to many detrimental effects of prolonged use that caused human beings to become sick or die, these drugs were deemed dangerous and made illegal by the government. William Bennetts Drugs Should Their Sale and Use Be Legalized goal was to tell the general American public or the communities know how important it was to uphold the countries current drug policy.The beginning of Bennetts statement started by saying, The issue I want to address is our national drug policy and the intellectuals (Bennett, William). He was particularly addressing our nation astir(predicate) the danger of making these drugs legal. Bennett wanted everyone to know that he undoubtedly was on the side of keeping and imposing the ban on making narcotics illegal. Bennetts obligate seems to be motivated by the desire to confirm his support for the current U. S. national and international policies regarding narcotics. .Bennetts purpose was to win over those individuals who were not surely and those who were opposing the nations drug policy, by sharing where he stood on the issue of the nations drug policy. In the article that was written by Elliott Currie which was called T oward a Policy on Drugs, Currie maintained that illegal drugs are an deep-rooted problem for law enforcement agencies, thitherfore the only resolution that could aid in resolving the problem is by seeking the views or ideas of the public on how the police and the court would take action in reducing the impact of use and sale of illegal drugs in the company and society.Curie argued that by using the free sell approach it would advocate making laws less(prenominal) restrictive on drugs, as well the law being less discriminating of drug users. This would mean that the government s ban on illegal imports would be downgraded, which would also cause the drug users not to be interact as criminals and not being punished for their illegal activities. Currie felt that this approach has been proven effective in some of the European countries like Netherlands, where they have legalized the use of small amounts of marijuana.He also argued that decriminalization and deregulation are not the def initive resolution to the deteriorating drug condition, but could significantly lessen the unscientific and cruel methods shortly used to battle the use and sale of illegal drugs. Currie requireed that it has proven and studied that there is a correlation between the prevention of drugs and the existence of crimes and violence in communities. His contention was that if illegal drugs would be made legal then it would be safe to assume that the incidence of drug-related crimes will decrease and eventually lead to the eradication of drug problems.Although, he did contend that people should not exclusively depend on this type of approach, since there are other factors and complication implicated that cannot be addressed by this approach. In my opinion, legalization of drugs will cause an increase in drug problems and in crime. The reason I state this is that while traffic enquiry and reading the journals and articles I found that many experts agree that illicit drugs are addictive and dangerous.Those that want to legalize can admit this, but contend that if we legalized them we would have less of a problem because by making illegal drugs legal less people would consume them and therefore by legalizing it and making it favorable people would be less likely to become addicted because they would use drugs more moderately or some may just stop using drugs altogether, since it is available if they ever did want to use, comparing it to those that dont use cigarettes or alcohol because it is legal to use.But as I read different research and journals I found that the message from history is that periods of careless controls are accompanied by increased drug abuse and that when there is strong drug control, there is less drug abuse. References Barnet, Sylvan, Bedau, Hugo, Contemporary & Classic Arguments, A Portable Anthology, Bedford/St. Martins, 2005. Caulkins, Jonathan P. and Haijing Hao (2008). Modeling Drug Market Supply Reductions Where Do All the Drugs Not Go? d aybook of Policy Modeling. 30(2), pp. 251-270, DOI 10. 1016/j. olmod. 2007. 04. 003. Hartnett, Edmund, Deputy Chief and Executive Officer, Narcotic Division, Drug Legalization Why it Wouldnt Work in the United States, smart York city Police Department, New York FN1 Speaking Out Against Drug Legalization, U. S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Washington, DC U. S. A. May 2003, www. DEA. gov David Corcoran, Legalizing Drugs Failures Spur Debate, New York Times, November 27, 1989 Morton M. Kondracke, Dont Legalize Drugs, The New Republic, June 27, 1988

Discuss the scope of mixed branding Essay

Ans.Definition Mixed Branding is where a firm markets products under its own name and that of the reseller(s) because the segment attracted to the reseller is different than its own market. Eg. The confederation sells its Elizabeth Arden provoker through department stores and a line of skincare products at Wal-Mart with the Skinsimple brand name. StratergiesWhen promoting a brand, companies sometimes choose to follow a multiproduct branding strategy, akin to automakers Ford and Toyota. In this regard, a companys name is an umbrella brand for all its products. Coca-Cola, Apple and Intel have focused their energies on branding their merged names and images rather than individual products. Grocery chains and big-box retailers use private-label branding to attract value-conscious nodes.AdvantagesCompanies use branding to differentiate their products based on value, quality and former(a) attributes. A positive brand image creates a halo effect that affects existing products and makes it easier to move into new products. The Intel Inside campaign, for example, was designed to brand all Intel microprocessors as high-performance and high-quality products. Apple has followed a somewhat different route because it relies on its corporate name and unique product brands. A mixed-branding strategy can leverage a companys reputation for innovation to carve out profitable market niches, such as Apples Mac computers for graphics-intensive operations, man developing entirely new markets, examples of which would be iPods and iPads. Kraft consumers know they are getting a quality food product, which makes it easier and more cost-effective for Kraft to introduce and gain consumer acceptance for new products.DisadvantagesThe main disadvantage of branding is the high advertising and related public relations costs. Establishing a local or international brand requires years of sustained advertising, high levels of quality and exceptional customer service. A brand image and repu tation cannot be established in a few weeks. Companies must continue their promotions even during economic downturns or when sales stagnate, because if they do not, competitors might fill the void and be in a disclose position when the economy turns around. These expenditures can reduce margins, especially if sales volumes are being affected by price competition or changing customer preferences. Also, there is the risk that poor customer service by wholesalers or retailers in the distribution channel might reflect poorly on the brand itself. Manufacturing issues that lead to product recalls, such as Toyotas well-publicized problems with brakes from 2009 to 2011, can also affect a brands image, which usually requires additional expenditures to repair.

Government Role Essay

The main role of the executive is to preform leadership like duties much(prenominal) as carrying out leadership roles, ceremonial roles, and preforming symbolic. The leadership role demand formulating, articulating, and implementing goals of the policy-making system. The effective chief executive becomes the spokesperson for the people, attempts to invigorate the peoples post for these goals, and then develops strategies that ease their accomplishment. For the most part the chief executive takes the initiative in a policy form. The executive policy leadership is very polar during cadences of crisis, because the executive structure has the potential for a level of coherence and consent of action, which is almost always lacking in legislature. In most semipolitical systems the chief executive officer has the situation to veto the legislation that the legislature initiates, which may be directly or indirectly. The actors in the executive role ordinarily function as the unifying symbol of the entire society, becoming the lead figurehead for the people.The executive presence becomes a central to some(prenominal) of societys ceremonies and rituals. In the majority of all political systems the executive has the primary business for implementing the laws and policies of political aim. Most systems have an executive cabinet in where each part is directly and individualisedly responsible for some of the major areas of administration. However they are supposed to set a broad set of guidelines for policy and implementation and responsibility for any major mishaps that occur. In parliament for examples, the minster of a department will usually resign if there is a serious shortcoming in his or her area of responsibility. The chief executive must set policy and supervise the organization and utilization of the realms military capabilities, which is a task that endure have the most serious consequences for the security, and well being of the society.Along with this comes the supervision of foreign affairs that involves a complicated pattern of meeting officials from other states and green goddess with national dealings with other nations usually showing some form of cooperation. The British government and the United States government are distinguishable in many aspects but yet share many similarities. A prime minister who handles the majority of the executive responsibilities mainly holds Britains executive, and of curse the king or pansy handles ceremonial responsibilities like a figurehead would. However the United States has a fused executive system in where the president handles both thehead of state and the head of government roles.2. Democracy has a wide range of meanings, but true direct democracy is a government of and by the people. An alternative notion in which it is pretty clear is representative democracy. This is a system in which the citizens elect people to represent them in the political aspect of things and to expres s the set on their behalf of society. Another general term to describe this democracy is a republic even though not all republics are democratic and not all democrats are republicans. Electoral democracy is defined as a political system in where all citizens periodically vote in order to elect political leaders in their society. It also seems important to establish that the people have the power to retain or reject those serving as their political leaders. This additional condition, called the limited mandate, means that the electorate grants the authority to rule for only a short fixed period of time, and then the electorate has the opportunity to elect their representatives again. meaning that if the political leaders do not gain sufficient votes the political leaders will voluntarily resign office. We can also classify a political system called liberal democracy when citizens enjoy not only electoral democracy but also substantial political rights and civil liberties regarding participation, personal freedoms, and oppositions.The United States is considered to have some like similarities in this regard for the notion that its citizens enjoy the freedoms and rights that come along with voting and individual values. A non-democracy is a idea by with all major decisions especially with those that deal with the state is handled by the person or political group in charge of the state in that time. One conventional concept used to define non democracies is a dictatorship. A description of a dictator might be a ruler with living power and authority. Dictatorship may be further defined as the absence of a limited mandate- a critical factor in the definition of democracy. That is, the citizens of that state have no power to remove the person in office or political leadership period. This government type is often time seen as harsh to its citizens and harsh. Totalitarianism, which is a political system that the allocation of values and its control penetrate into almost every aspect of its citizens everyday lives. The totalistic political system demands complete obedience to its extensiverules in culture, economics, religion, and most of all morality. All organizations are subordinated to the totalitarian state. Every activity is chthonic testing by the state in the name of the public interest.The state might define what is ok to watch or be produce in a movie, what acceptable to say in the media, and It even has acceptable behaviors and thoughts for its people. Another concept that falls under the category of non-democratic is Authoritarian regimes. Many authoritarian regimes such as dictatorships lack empowerment. What really distinguish authoritarianism are the political actions and decisions of the ruler, while the political rights and freedoms of the people are significantly limited. In other words under authoritarianism the population has very minimal political rights. An authoritarian regime places many severe restrictions on the a ctivities of individuals and groups who advocate the people on the actions of the political system. The bang-up majority of the populations are not allowed to participate in any political activities except in ways that expressly encouraged by the regime such as mass rallies and speeches. Citizens of such places are not allowed to question the political intuitions, procedures, or public policies of an authoritarian regime.3. There are a few different types of states, first there is the unitary state and then there is central government, which holds all legislative power. While the central government has indivisible sovereignty, it can depute power or functional responsibilities to territorial units, which have names such as department or regions. These peripheral governments serve only at the lash-up of the central government, which can revoke their power or functions at any given time. The majority of all citizens tend to identify with the country as a whole, rather than with reg ional authorities as they should. A coalition is divided constitutionally and functions between a central government and the set of regional governments. On the other hand to a unitary state, there is an explicit sharing of power among the levels of government in a federation, and no level has legal power to dominate any other level in all policy domains. There are five major rationales that make up a federation large size, prior existence of strong states, desire to create unity or accommodate diversity, the desire to concentrate power and resources, and the desire to disperse political power.A federation can be established to prevent the over centration of power in the central government. A confederation is an association in which states attribute some power to a supranational central government but retain primary power. Confederations emphasize on economic cooperation and or military cooperations. It is a loose grouping of states in which each states involvement membership, and compliance with the central government are conditional depending on the states perception of its own national interest.

Geography and Culture Essay

The speech of Chief Seattle talked about the decline of the race of American Indians in the United States as long as the land that they used to gutter and call their own. The Whites have taken over their society and their culture is on the decline. Yet, he does not blame the Whites alone for their predicament the chief also blames their childlike men and pointed out that change is very much present in the world. The Red men no longer seem to have rights and the need for country.calcium is a very dynamic society in the world today. If it became an independent country, it would be the fifth largest economy all over the world. Furthermore, it would also become the about populous State with the largest number of ethnicities present. It has the potential to become a cultural hub and exchange where various cultures and attitudes come together. The migration of different ethnic groups to California contributes to its prosperity.When ethnic groups go there, they also bring with them their contacts and their connections. In the process, these ethnic groups can connect with the rest of the world, enhancing the sparing and cultural life of California. Through this backdrop of multiculturalism, the import and export flip-flop of California is also enhanced. In this highly globalized world, connection with other nations and economies all over the world is highly desirable and can help enhance the economic prosperity of a nation.

Joseph Conrad’s “Heart of Darkness” Essay

When Marlow talks of London macrocosm a dark place, the root word of civilization versus savagery comes into play. Marlows aunt believes he is an emissary of lightsome, being sent into the darkness. Marlow fills this darkness by means of the placing of heads on poles, for a man named Kurtz. all(prenominal) of this makes Marlow change his inner feelings of himself, which relates to the theme of the pilgrimage of the inner self. Marlow talks of when the Romans inaugural came to Britain, and how they had actually brought some light into the somberness of London, and how one day that light may disappear. This relates to the theme of dark and light. As Marlow tells of his voyage deeper into the unknown, his power for self-control is tested.Kurtz seems to inhabit his any thought. While this is happening, the theme of a journey into the inner self is seen again. in that respect are certain patterns in Heart of Darkness one of these is the theme of threes. There are three chapte rs, three women, three measure Marlow breaks the story, three stations, three rudimentary characters and three views of Africa. Marlow indirectly suggests by referring to the Roman conquest, that the theme of colonialism has existed since the earliest times of human history. Colonialism is seen as one of the major themes in the appropriate.When Marlow talks of London once being a dark place, the theme of civilization versus savagery comes into play. The book implies that civilizations are created by the setting of laws and codes that encourage men to achieve higher standards. London itself is seen as a symbol of enlightenment. We see this through Marlow and how he tells his caboodle that the Romans had brought a light into the darkness of Britain. Marlow and Kurtz are two antithetical examples of humanity.Kurtz represents what every man will become if left to his own desires, without aprotective, train society. Marlow represents the civilized soul that has not been drawn back i nto savagery by his heart of darkness. The book implies that every man has a heart of darkness that is commonly drowned out by the light of civilization. However, when a man is removed from a civilized environment, the basic instinct of savagery must be unleashed. Savagery is connect to darkness, and in most parts of the book, we see Marlowas the light in this darkness.Marlows aunt believes he is an emissary of light, being sent into the darkness. Marlow sees the darkness through the placing of heads on poles, for a man named Kurtz. All of this makes Marlow change his inner feelings about himself, which relates to the theme of the journey of the inner self. Through Marlow, the book creates a voyage of self-discovery. All of Marlows experiences point to a change him. The thoughts about the people he meets, and their behavior, slowly begins to change.Marlows trip from Europe to the outer, then central station tests his capacity to discriminate between good and evil, since he witness es actions which directly ask him for a moral judgment, such as brutal beating of the native worker. Marlows exposit account of what he sees, shows his compassion. Conrad suggests that those who are unable of controlling their unconscious side, run the risk of losing control the their heart of darkness.Marlow talks of when the Romans first came to Britain, and how they brought light into the somberness of London. He also tells them that one day that light may disappear. This relates to the theme of dark and light. In Heart of Darkness, there is an obvious contrast between what is light and what is dark. Light seems to represent civilization, or the civilized side of humanity whilst dark represents the uncivilized or savage side of humanity. In this book, dark and light or black and white, have the same usual connotations of good and evil.According to Christianity, inthe beginning, everything was dark. The same thing applies to London before the Romans came. At the same time, Africa was considered dark, as most of it had not yet been discovered. However, as Marlows journey progresses, it appears that dark and light are used counter intuitively. Darkness refers to truth and light refers to falsehood. In Marlows interview with the Intended, the windows of the room, which are normally a source of light, are covered and let in little to no light at all, as in a mortuary. The cold and monumental whiteness of the fireplace adds to the deathlike atmosphere.This shows that Conrad had used dark and light inversely.We could assume that the dark could represent the unknown. As Marlow talks of his voyage deeper into this unknown, his capacity for self-control is tested. Kurtz seems to inhabit his every thought. While this is happening, the theme of a journey into the self and the unconsciousness is seen again. Marlows story clearly implies that the course of world men make for themselves, and for others, results from the character of individual behavior. Kurtz appears to be stuck inside Marlows head. Every thought is focused in this man he has neer met. Kurtz wins control of men through fear. His power over the natives almost destroys Marlow. Kurtz is actually a victim of the managers murderous cruelty. It is possible that Kurtz might never have revealed his evil nature, had he not been tortured by the manager.Marlow struggles with himself, the someone he thought he was turns out to be a nobody. Marlow sees the real person he is, and fears himself. After seeing the Kurtz, Marlow realizes how much like Kurtz he has become and regains control from his heart of darkness.There are patterns noticeable in this book. One of these is the theme of threes. There are three chapters, three times Marlow breaks the story, three stations, three women, three central characters and three views of Africa. The three stations are the inner station, the central stationand the outer station. These are symbolic of the stages in Marlows journey of self-discovery. The inn er station is the first station he goes to. Here, he sees how the natives are treated, and gets a glimpse of the things he may have to face in his future travels.He reaches the central station, and discovers that Kurtz may not be the man he first heard of. He was told that Kurtz was this wonderful man, who had plenty of power. Now, Marlow is beginning to see in his mind, someone that has followed his own ideas, and doesnt care about anyone else. He struggles within himself to see if he is like this man. At first, he dismisses the idea that he could ever be thatkind of person, but soon after, he changes his opinion. The outer station is where Kurtz is finally reached.Conrad also uses imperialism as a major theme in the book. Marlow indirectly suggests by referring to the Roman conquest over Britain, that the theme of imperialism has existed since early human history. As Marlow tells his story, a different narrator, who is also a member on the ship they are traveling on, sees the Rom an invaders to be like the English conquerors. He expresses that they were twain hunters for gold and pursuers of fame. He does not understand that without the Roman invasion, Britain may have remained a dark country.Through Marlows tale of truth, pain, anxiety and the quest for execute knowledge, the major themes are revealed. Colonialism, the journey of the inner-self, the theme of threes, dark and light and civilization versus savagery. All of these themes lead to the understanding that Marlows voyage into the deepness of the Congo, is symbolic of the journey he had to take into the deepest side of himself. He successfully battled with his savage side, and came out a changed man. It just shows that no matter hoe perfect something seems to be, there is eternally a heart of darkness deep within somewhere.

Elizabethan era architecture and interior design outline

Elizabethan era architecture and interior design turn upline BY ornament 5 Architecture and Interior Design Outline Introduction The houses of the 19th century were considered as out nodded and poorly decorated. 1 . The main idea for a family home in the 19th century was an unresolved floor plan. 2. The main floor of a Victorian house included the porch, living room, and a dine kitchen. 3. Before the 19th century each room served its own purpose, such as a parlor, library, and 4. The issuance of sitting cortege. Bedrooms upstairs decreased because it was the new trend to have smaller families. The more smaller rooms you had in your house the warmer it would stay. B. During the 19th century rooms were decorated and painted in reckless colors with wooden floors. 1 . Windows no longer carried long drapes that came down to the floor. 2. Bookshelves and wardrobes were then being make in. 3. This left the floor nice and clear for rearrangement of furniture and to hold various activi ties. 4. In Mission elan homes wood furniture was suited best by complimenting the home. 5. The wooden furniture was also most inexpensive to the middle class and less fortunate. 6.The furniture lacked in comfort so people had to add range pillows to the seats, and backs of the chairs, but the furniture did make up in durability. 7. This furniture was also used in schools, because of their durability. B. -continued- The art Nouveau Style of decoration was much more expensive so it was often found in the homes of the wealthy. 1. The creator of the furniture was the son of the most popular American Jeweler and silversmith. 2. The designers name was Louis Comfort Tiffany. 3. The decorative long time American Renaissance took over in 1875, Louis C. Tiffany was a large factor in this takeover, with expensive taste. 5. Tiffany study at New York Citys National Academy of Arts and design. 6. Tiffany became an interior designer, who specialized in tiles, wall hangings, murals, and dy e glass. 7. His Job was to give character and personality to Victorian mansions, theaters, and churches. 8. Tiffany was very well paid. 9. His name soon became cognise as the biggest name in design and decoration. 10. The Tiffany were a father and son group. 11. The father (Charles Lewis Tiffany) owned Tiffany . C.For construct the twists during this time period they made the transition from iron frame to steel frame in 1880. 1 . During this time architects wanted to expand their creations so they started making the buildings taller. 2. In Chicago the first skyscraper was built. 3. The definition wrap up skyscraper to an architect is a metal frame building at least one-hundred feet tall. 4. The home insurance building was the worlds first skyscraper, with only 12 stories. 5. Compared to the buildings now this nothing. 6. The Home Insurance Building was demolished in 1884.

Monsoon Wedding And East Is East Film Studies Essay

The ethics of devotion in some(prenominal) movies was coming from several(predicate) positions. Monsoon Wedding, the regard was an insider and vitamin E is eastern hemisphere the regard was an foreigner. The prof in the talk spoke about how Monsoon Wedding was about a Punjabi household and the moving-picture show was in New Delhi, India, which is a familiar district for Mira Nair, the manager of the movie. This may in any case be one of the grounds why Monsoon Wedding has an insider s position to the Indian Punjabi civilization. An illustration of the insider s position is when the nuptials planner/decorator Mr. Dubey fell in love with the artlessness of the amah and the relaxation of her typesetters case. This was a small hard for me as a spectator to understand because the construct explored much traditional Indian civilization which a western audience may non be familiar with. This movie shows the positions of unoriginal fibres and the viewing audiences as the others. A n illustration of this is, when Aditi s cousin who has comply from a Western state to go to the nuptials, he is shown as out of topographic point in footings of civilization and ethnicity, which this movie captures attractively with music, linguistic communication, nutrient, idiosyncrasy, and apparels. The film showed many struggles through the emotions of the characters. An illustration of this is when Aditi was acquiring engaged, it was a happy juncture exclusively her facial looks gave away her emotions of unhappiness. This repoints the spectator s understandings towards the characters and forces us to mime the emotions by acquiring the audience s empathy.Many of the emotions of the characters are expressed through lighting and tv camera work. An first-class illustration of this is the scene where Aditi s male person elevate and female resurrect go into her room where she is kiping and look at their young woman, how grown up she has gotten. This scene was shot at dark, bu t the lighting and camera captures the male parent and the female parent s facial look in such a elusive manner that the viewing audiences mogul non detect, but they are emotionally sympathizing with the male parent.East is East on the other manus was shoot through an foreigner s position. I surely felt that when watching the film because foremost the scene of this film was in England in the seventiess. Second, the hidden plan showed the Muslim Pakistani civilization in a satirical manner which I believe may do the position of the film as the foreigner. The professor mentioned in the talk that the construct of the other is shown as alien and beautiful in East is East. The regard in this movie is of the other and hence all characters are shown as being invariably metrical by the viewing audiences. This movie touches upon many sensitive issues such as ethnicity, faith and marginalisation of civilizations. As an immigrant myself in Canada, this film aroused my emotions for all the characters including the male parent. At first when watching the movie, it seemed that the male parent was shown as a negative character, but subsequently on in the film I sympathized with the male parent. That is, he is shown to be torn between two civilizations and keeping on really tightly to each. Issues of personal identity are profoundly explored in this movie and are shown a small through each character. The character of the female parent is shown to be really loving and lovingness, this I believe is the lone character which is shown to be impersonal and non in struggle in footings of civilization. An illustration of this is throughout the film, the female parent s character did non confront any personal cultural struggle. Her kids were called half strains but she was neer faced with any direct cultural struggle since she had assimilated in the Pakistani civilization s unhappiness. This in bend directs the spectator s understandings with her and makes her a character that the audience hand clapping for.The camera work, music, costumes and sound effects emphasized the secret plan and helped the audience to the full understand the characters emotions. I peculiarly liked the costumes and music in the scene, when the girl is dancing with the broom. She is have oning the saree but in a manner that is western and listening to an Indian vocal and dance. The audience can non assist but smile because the facial looks of the girl are extracted towards the audience. The camera work and make-up are done attractively for the amusing scene when a household had come to run into the two boies for their girl s matrimony. The girls near ups were nicely shot that full scene had trusty camera work capturing everyone s uncomfortable emotions unusually.To reason, both movies Monsoon Wedding and East is East have showed different positions. The regard in both movies directs the viewing audiences attending to characters and their emotions. The camera work and proficient facets of the movie helped both Monsoon Wedding and East is East gaining control the narrative and emotions of each character.Mention PageHelfield, Gillian. Week 1 East is East / Monsoon Wedding. 06-01-2010. Web. 1 Feb 2011.& lt hypertext transfer protocol //webct.yorku.ca/SCRIPT/2010_FA_FILM_W_1701__3_M_EN_A_INTR_01/scripts/serve_home & gt .Mira, Nair, Dir. Monsoon Wedding. 2001, Film.ODonnell, Damien, Dir. East Is East. 1999, Film.

Obesity And Urban Food

Individual characteristics and IBM data were adjusted to two kilometer Addis nutrition sell butt ins, with separately supermarket reducing obesity odds, and convenience throw ins predicting higher obesity Odds for each respondent. Obesity rates in New siege of Orleans are among the highest in the country and virtually no research has been conducted to study the associations amongst obesity and neighboring nutriment retailers in the urban environment. This article appealed to me because a well balanced viands via healthier food retail access is pivotal to promote health in vulnerable groups within communities limited to unhealthy food options.Previous studies on Northeastern communities, mound mostly positive correlations between the battlefront of convenient stores and increased rates of obesity. Apropos, a correlation was found between supermarket access and reduced obesity rates. Other research has found neither correlation between these variables. Limited, frequent no n- consistent research findings, make water examined the relationship between food access and body weight in disproportionate fashion amongst the linked States. In comparison, fewer studies were conducted in the urban South, which tend to have some the highest obesity rates in the country.New Orleans has high obesity prevalence, which is why some of its Leslie Mar, SCAN 195. 7731, 01. 1415 communities were a choice of study. Other conditions, such as the lack of a planetary house car, make the city an appropriate setting for this study. This study hypothesizes, That great supermarket access would be associated with a lower odds for obesity while greater convenience store and turbulent food access would be associated with higher obesity odds Since supermarkets offer a wider selection of affordable healthy food, and fast food establishments offer inexpensive energy-dense foods, these associations were predicted accordingly.METHODS Participants A 2004-2005 vignette from the New Orleans Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System (BARFS), was the local version of the national telephone survey coordinated by the IIS Centers Of Disease Control and Prevention. Participants were enrolled via a random digital dial method a single random individual aged 18 or older. The final analytic sample, after divers(a) exclusions, consisted of 3,925 subjects with reported IBM information, physical activity levels, household income information, collected demographic data, and 167 census packets in New Orleans.The absolute majority of participants were female (66%), 35. 5% White (n=l ,394), 58% African American 3. % Latino (n=11 6), and 3. 6% Other (n=141). 40% (n=l ,585) of respondents lived at or below the poverty line. 16% (n=628) were ages 18-30 years, and 47. 4% were in a higher place 50 years. A majority of 38% attained college graduate or higher education. Measures Food stores and fast food restaurant sites open between 2004-2005 were provided by the Louisiana Office of Public Health food retailer database.They were categorized as either full time or part time ground on percentage on food item sales (60% cutoff) and total annual sales. They fall into tailfin categories small food Stores, medium food Stores, supermarkets, convenience stores, ND general merchandise stores. Fast food restaurants were categorized as regional, national, or local chain. A 2 km buffer around a center point of each respondent census tract, measured using Arctic 9. 2 (SERIES, Redheads, CA), was employ to define their neighborhood food environment, because multiple forms of transport are commonplace in New Orleans.Food store/ fast food geographic access was formed by summing the number of each food retailers in each category within the 2-km radius. For IBM measurements, individuals reported their heights and weights with 30 keg/mm as the cutoff between obese and non obese. There were independent variables to account for the results incline/ethnicity, a Poverty inde x proportion was calculated based on a comparison between household income with the Census Bureaus poverty brink for a household size. They were divided into three categories of less than 1. 00 (below poverty line), 1. 0-185, and greater than 1. 85. 15. 4% of respondents ref apply to provide this information, so their poverty index was adjusted using a hot deck imputation technique based on race/ethnicity and education level (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, college graduate). Moderate and vigorous activities were used as the physical activity indicators, and Leslie Mar, SCAN 195. 7731, 01. 14. 15 television viewing (2 hours or more classified as high) was calculated as well. For multivariate analyses, Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HELM), with the extolling procedure in Stats/SE 9. (Staccatos, College Station, TX) was used to simultaneously assess the influence of group-level and individual-level predictors on dependent variables. A series of models to pro duce a infantile fixation equation for each food retailer type access measure was created. RESULTS Within the 2-km of respondents census tract centers, there was an average of . 49 supermarkets. There were no supermarkets among 26% of the respondents within this buffer, and households had more food retail and convenience stores than supermarkets with fast food restaurants at a higher average than supermarkets.Of the sample, the overall prevalence of obesity was 26. 5% with highest ranking at 35. 1% (African Americans), females at 29. 2%, older respondents at 29. 9%, and individuals with poorer household incomes and less education. With a high average of small food stores (25. 18%), convenience stores (1 1 . 28%), and fast food restaurants (9. 7%), there as a relationship between obesity odds and food retailer count. There was no significant association between small, medium, and general merchandise store access.

Adult Education Study Simulators

The arrangement of teachingal theory improves the quality of teaching taking place in schools. Indeed, according to Podeschi and Pearson (2003, p. 89), continued exposure to diverse educational theories help teachers to apply best practices in periodical teaching activities.Further, instructors are to a greater extent likely to apply a different teaching method, which helps in misgiving what works best with different students and slightons. The resulting system is mutually beneficial among educational stakeholders teachers improve on individual professionalism, students receive high quality education, and school administration becomes to a greater extent efficient in executing duties and responsibilities.Instructional processes macrocosm used by this researcher impart definitely be improved upon reading the chapter. Most importantly, the intelligence of factors influencing instruction delivery among braggart(a) students would results to change in strategies.This instructo r lead therefore embark on taking into custody specific factors before developing strategies to be utilize. The strategy of involving s intimatelyed students in the development of individuals schoolman goals will excessively construct incorporated in the new instructional processes. The newly improved procedures will be implemented and consequently get evaluated regularly.In order to understand the participation rate in the topical anaesthetic population, a group of ten adults were randomly selected and asked various questions regarding their propensity to participate. Four of the selected adults are active participants in adult education, whereas the rest (six) said they would like to participate but lack time.Those currently undergoing adult education do so with weekend classes as well as summer school. The adults were more devoted to attend group classes instead of studying privately.Participants of organized adult education are break in positioned to make headway com pared to individuals on self-directed learning, considering professionalism involved in adult educational systems (Knowles, 1999, p. 213). Organized education put ons from various teachers with wider get under ones skin and knowledge to guide adults in attaining respective academic goals.Participants in organized classes further get opportunities to parcel protrude with each other, which enhances the understanding of concepts taught in classes. On the other hand, adults on self-directed learning make the proceeds of concentrating on subjects and concepts of interest, which lacks in organized stretchability.This instructors recruitment of adult education will be influenced by what has been learnt in the chapter. The new understanding on individuals more likely to participate in adult education will especially be of help. The instructor will embark on the process as recruiting adult students from both groupsthose who are more likely to enroll and succeed and those with difficul ties.Both groups will further get mixed in all the classes and educational activities. Mixed classes are, according to Moos and Tricket (2004, p. 117) better placed to motivate try adult students to succeed academically. This will also help in the process of reducing chances of me drop out from the struggling students. Most importantly, the instructor will ensure encouraging students from either group to interact more in class activities.The instructor will further work closely with individual students with the intention of establishing a working rapport. This way, students would feel free to express their hardships to the instructor and therefore increase chances of resolving issues before reaching crisis level.Knowing adult students cognitive and learning styles are a must for teachers involved in the sector. Indeed, it is only through such knowledge that teachers can successfully help students achieve respective academic goals. Having such understanding helps teachers to come up with strategies that improve students ability to grasp concepts taught in their classes.Fort instance, understanding that some students learn better by just listening to call downs and others through visual aids, teachers are more likely to combine strategies. This would base running lectures in combination with lecture notes for those who learn better through reading and PowerPoint slides for those in extremity of visual aids. Such approach leaves all students with better understanding.Though there exists little data relating to motivating world(a) public in taking part in adult education, it is with no doubt that improving sense would improve enrollment rates.This instructor will therefore embark on improving awareness of adult education courses within the locality, which would be achieved in collaboration with relevant departments. In addition to improving awareness, diverseness in student body would be enhanced at various levels, which would leave participants stronger in their academic endeavors.There exist some differences between youth and adult students, especially regarding needs and likeences. Adult students are more likely to prefer the traditional lecture notes instructions delivery, whereas the youth would prefer aggressive usage of tuition technology (Knowles, 1999, p. 72).To the youths, sitting down and consequently taking lecture notes sounds tedioussignificant portion prefer having lectures delivered through IT, especially the Internet, where they can access at afterwards and regularly. On the other hand, adults are less inclined to rely on information technology, because they lack, or have little of the required technical skills.The rootage step in designing class instructions for adult students is to request them to share goals they would like to achieve. This instructor would arrange for a meeting with individual students and consequently collect views and concerns that would be incorporated in the instructions. instructor will t hus understand each student needs that will be considered in programme development process.The traditional lectures, which most adult students are comfortable with, would become the primary teaching method. However, the instructor will embark on incorporating information technology throughout the process. The use of technology will also provide adult students to learn about the modern methods and thus overcome the digital divide restraint separating them from youth students.Wild Wide Web, PowerPoint presentations, and email communication between teachers and students will be used widely. All lecture and learning material will be posted on class website, where students can refer at their own convenience. As discussed above, the instructor will arrange for private meeting time with individual students.These meetings will be used to gage students comfort in utilise information technologyproblems in using the system would be dealt with accordingly. In addition, the meetings would be used to understand whether the goals set in advance have been achieved. Students will therefore get a chance to get the much-needed counsel.The same processes can be applied with regard to youth education, given that they are in need of much support. Youth students are more likely to lack self-control and discipline that are required in academics. It is important for teachers in degrade and upper academic levels to embark on improving this much-needed discipline in their students.This will serve them well in latter years, especially when they participate in adult education. The long run beneficiaries of improved understanding of education theories would therefore include stakeholders from all walks of life teachers would become more efficient in their professions, whereas students benefit from high quality teaching methods.References Knowles, M. (1999). Pedagogy versus Andragogy. New York Routledge.Moos, P. & Trickett, E. (2004). Classroom Environment. Palo Alto CPP.Pearson, E. & P odeschi, R. (2003). Humanism & Individualism in Adult Education. Adult-Education Quarterly. Vol. 50 (3) 39-55.

Ratio Analysis

though in that location are innumerable literatures available on the subject, the most countenance studies perplex been reviewed. Dr. Promod Kumar produce a news in 1991 analytic thinking of monetary set down of Indian Industries The engage compass the 17 toffee-nosed sector, 5 state owned public sector and 1 r in ally public sector companies. He studied synopsis of activities, assessment of make headwayability, return on enceinte investment, depth psychology of fiscal body organise, compendium of frigid assets and working capital.In his research he revealed assorted line of works of industries and suggested remedies for the problems. He as well suggested for the good of profi hindranceility and techniques of equipment casualty concur. 1Ahindra Chakrabati published an articles execution of public sector enterprises a Case translate on fertilizers in The Indian ledger of public enterprise in the class 1988-89. He made analysis of consumption and toil of fertilizer by public sector he in like manner made analysis of profit and loss statement. He gave suggestion to alter the boilersuit mental process of public enterprise. In the social class of 2002, Dr. Sugan C. Jain has written a book on carrying out appraisal auto indus take heed In his m substance ab manipulation he has analyses the consummation of the automobile persistence and presented comparative rent of some national and outside(a) units. The ope dimensionnal qualification and profihitchility had been breakd utilise the composite index approach. He made some(prenominal) suggestions from the strengthening the pecuniary resolve improving profitability, working capital the performance of unflinching assets. 3 late in the course 1998 a use up was made by S.J. parmar on Financial Efficiency-Modern methods, tools & Techniques for the finale from 1998-89 to 1994-95. He had made an attempt to analyze pecuniary strength, fluidness, profitability, embody a nd sales bring polish up and social welfare movement by using variant dimensions analysis, common sizing analysis and mensurate added analysis. He made several(prenominal) suggestions for the improvement of profitability of industry. In his analysis, he indicates various reasons for higher cost, low profitability, and inefficient use of knowledgeable resources. Dr Sanjay Bhayani published a book in 2003, Practical financial statement analysis The drive covered 16 public hold in cement companies in private sector. He made reflect of analysis of profitability, working capital, capital structure and activity of Indian cement industry. In his research he revealed various problems of cement industries and suggested remedies for the problems. He similarly suggested for the improvement of profitability and techniques of cost control. break up Kumar,Kakani Biswatosh saha and V. N. Reddy has written research report on De marchesinants of Financial Performance of Indian Corpora te Sector in the Post-Liberalization season An Exploratory Study. This musical com military post attempts to provide an empirical governance of the widely held existing theories on the determinants of truehearted performance in the Indian context. The athletic field uses financial statement and capital trade information of 566 large Indian signs over a time frame of eighter grades divided into two sub-periods ( that is to say 1992-96, and 1996-2000) to hire Indian firms financial performance across various dimensions viz. , parcel outholder economic re jimmy, account profitability and its components, produce and risk of the sample firms. It reveals that veritable(a) on the same entropy, the determinants of market-based performance measures and accounting-based performance measures differ collectable to influence of Capital Market Conditions. We install that size of it, marketing expenditure, and international variegation had a positive relation with a firms mar ket valuation.Apart from these firm attri savees that reverberate either operating parameters of firms or strategic choice of firm managers, we in addition found that a firms monomania composition, in particular the aim of fannydor ownership by Domestic Financial Institutions and Dispersed Public Shareholders, and the leverage of the firm were important factors affecting its financial performance. The different implications of the findings for various stakeholders of a firm are in any case discussed. 6Dutts S. K has written an article on Indian tea industry an appraisal which was published in oversight accountant in the grade of March 1992.He analyzed the profitability, liquidity and financial efficiency by using various proportionalitys. 7 Objectives of the mull To evaluate the financial performance of the selected units of pharmaceutic industry To compare the financial results of the pharmaceutical industry as Dr Reddys Laboratories Ltd and lupine Ltd To enquire th e adequacy or the accounting information in demand(p) from the statement in treaty with laid vote out accounting statements by the institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI). To study the branch of the said companies To launch suggestion for best finance method and efficient utilization of fixed assets METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY reference work of the data comparative degree Financial statement Analysis & conception in Private sector pharmaceutic Companies in India has been made by using data from financial statements of all five major players in cement industry, they are Dr Reddys Laboratories Ltd. (Dr. RDL), Ambuja lupine Ltd. (LL), the period of the study was ten grades from 2001 to 2010. The data was collected from cpitaline database and from the social classly reports of the respective companies.Hypothesis for the study For the present study block outed following slide fastener hypotheses are tested- Ho1 The Dr Reddys Laboratories Ltd. did not come across remedy profitability than lupinee Ltd. Ho2 The Dr Reddys Laboratories Ltd. did not light upon better liquidity than lupinee Ltd. Ho3 The Dr Reddys Laboratories Ltd. did not achieve better turnover than lupinee Ltd. Scope of the study the study Comparative Financial statement Analysis & Innovation in Private sector pharmaceutical Companies in India.The study therefore includes financial structure performance, working capital performance, and Profitability performance merely excludes non-financial areas such as production, marketing, personnel and R& D from its purview. Techniques used for analysis The data have been analyzed with the help of symmetry analysis, manner analysis, common size analysis-T test to test the relation among different dimensions of two selected companies. Limitation of the study In order to ease uniformity in data, social classs have been readjusted and the data have been remould as on thirty-first March of each yr.The figure interpreted from th e divisionbook reports have been locomote off to two decimals of rupees in crores. The data available in financial statements have been translated in to a pre-designed structure format so that a meaningful variation could be made by dint of inter-firm and intra firm comparisons. The format in which the data have been classified is selected later on careful conside proportionalityn of the ope balancen Pharmaceutical Companies. Nevertheless, the limitations do in no track act as a deterrent in force effective and meaningful inferences from the studyAnalysis of the data for knowing Comparative Financial statement Analysis & Innovation in Private sector Pharmaceutical Companies in India the commonly used symmetry fixed Gross profit, bring in profit, regaining on capital employed, hand on web expense and Earning per share, Current proportion, Debtors speeding (Days), Creditors speed (Days), Debt fairness proportion and pertain coverage dimension, scrutinise turnover Ra tio, Debtors turnover rate Ratio and entire Assets disturbance Ratio Analysis and description Table-1 Profitability Ratios of Dr Reddys Laboratories Ltd & lupine Ltd. Gross profit Net profit ROC RON EPS social class Dr. RDL lupin Ltd. Dr.RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RD Lupin Ltd. Dr. RD Lupin Ltd. Dr. RD Lupin Ltd. 2001 22. 16 9. 25 19 6. 65 31. 5 23. 02 29. 23 31. 13 45. 32 201. 66 2002 33. 1 12. 49 32. 39 7. 54 42. 06 16. 64 45. 71 22. 07 59. 56 17. 42 2003 30. 78 12. 2 28. 34 7. 3 26. 44 16. 05 24. 02 20. 3 50. 6 17. 44 2004 21. 55 19. 07 20. 4 12. 48 15. 61 27. 1 14. 7 36. 14 36. 37 23. 76 2005 7. 9 9. 77 9. 19 6. 96 2. 19 12. 75 2. 77 17. 79 7. 85 20. 09 2006 16. 27 16. 29 14. 12 11 9. 24 20. 86 8. 57 31. 93 26. 82 44. 61 2007 37. 06 16. 27 32. 39 10. 53 35. 94 19. 39 35. 47 27. 89 69. 45 36. 75 2008 21. 63 19. 27 18. 47 13. 53 12. 01 23. 85 10. 35 32. 02 27. 2 52. 31 2009 21. 77 18. 28 17. 8 14. 17 13. 55 22. 29 11. 14 30. 97 32. 25 48. 22 2010 28. 77 21. 56 23. 52 17. 7 17. 79 25. 6 15. 14 33. 23 48. 25 70. 7 Total 240. 99 154. 45 215. 62 107. 86 206. 33 207. 55 197. 1 283. 47 404. 09 532. 96 Average 24. 099 15. 445 21. 562 10. 786 20. 633 20. 755 19. 71 28. 347 40. 409 53. 296 Min 7. 9 9. 25 9. 19 6. 65 2. 19 12. 75 2. 77 17. 79 7. 85 17. 42 ooze 37. 06 21. 56 32. 39 17. 7 42. 06 27. 1 45. 71 36. 14 69. 45 201. 66 Sources Data has been taken from one- grade reports The crying(a) profit dimension of Dr. RDL was 22. 16 % in 2001 which went overmaster in to 7. 9% in 2005 alone it rose up to 28. 7% in stand up grades of the study period. The ratio ranged amid 7. 9% in 2005 to 37. 06% in 2007. The ratio showed exceedingly fluctuated kink during the study period. The honest gross profit ratio was 24. 09% indicated. The gross profit ratio of Lupin Ltd. showed highly fluctuated make out during the study period with an medium of 15. 45%. The ratio was the highest in the course of instruction of 2010 and very lowest 2001. T-test T-Test Calculated value of gross profit ratio is 2. 86 Tabulated value at 5% signifi appriset value=1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of take aim of moment t cal t tab Hence possibleness is rejected. The Net profit ratio of Dr.RDL was 19% in the yr of 2001 and increased to 32. 39% in the stratum of 2002. The ratio went deal to 28. 34% in course of instruction of 2003. The ratio was very low of 9. 19% during the yr of 2005 and very highest during the social class of 2002. The sightly ratio was 21. 56% with fluctuated trend. The Net profit ratio of Lupin Ltd. was 6. 65 % in 2001 which went bring pop out in to 6. 96% in 2005 but it rose up to 17. 7% in last course of studys of the study period. The ratio ranged among 6. 65% in 2001 to 17. 7% in 2010. The ratio showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period. The average gross profit ratio was 10. 78% indicated. T-testCalculated value of net profit ratio is 4. 01 Tabulated value at 5% earthshaking value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of train of si gnifi elicitce t cal t tab Hence surmise is rejected. The return on capital employed ratio was 31. 5% in 2001 which went down to 9. 24 % in the year of 2006 and also went down to 13. 55% and 17. 79 during the years of 2009 and 2010 respectively. The ratio ranged between 2. 19% in year of 2005to 42. 06% in the year of 2002. The ratio showed down ward trend with an average of 20. 63%. The return on capital employed of Lupin Ltd was demonstrate much fluctuated trend during the year study period.The average ratio was 20. 76 in the Lupin Ltd which showed fluctuated trend during the study period. The ratio was 23. 02% in year of 2001 and 20. 86% in year of 2006 and 25. 6% during the last year of study period. The ratio has asleep(p) down due to decrease in volume of sales. The sales have gone down since terms rise took place in market. T-test Calculated value of return on capital employed ratio is 0. 028 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of take of significance t cal t tab Hence possible action is accepted. The Return on net worth ratio of Dr. RDL was 29. 3% in 2001 which went down in to 8. 57% in 2006 but it rose up to 15. 14% in last years of the study period. The ratio ranged between 2. 77% in 2005 to 45. 71% in 2002. The ratio showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period. The average gross profit ratio was indicated19. 71%. The Return on net worth ratio of Lupin Ltd. showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period with an average of 28. 347%. The ratio ranged between 17. 79% in 2005 to 36. 14% in 2004. T-test Calculated value of Return on net worth ratio is 1. 84 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of train of significance cal t tab Hence conjecture is rejected. Earnings per share of Dr. RDL were Rs. 45. 32 in the year of 2001 and Rs 59. 56 in the year of 59. 56. The EPS went down to 50. 6 in the year of 2003 and Rs 36. 37 in the year 2004 and Rs. 7. 85 in the year of 20 05. The EPS rose to 69. 45 in the year 2007and over once more went down to 27. 62 in 2008. The EPS Rs. 48. 25 during the last year of study period. The average ESP was 40. 41 with downward trend during the study period. The EPS was 201. 66 in Lupin Ltd. and went down to 20. 09 in the year of 2005 and reached down to 70. 7 during the last year of study period.The EPS showed lower level of EPS due to less utilization of financial leverage. T-test Calculated value of Earnings per share is 0. 70 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal t tab Hence hypothesis is accepted. Table-2 Liquidity ratio of Dr. RDL and Lupin Ltd. Current ratio Debtors amphetamine (Days) Creditors focal ratio (Days) social class Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. 2001 1. 69 1. 82 48 47 76 27 2002 3. 09 1. 74 54 61 79 35 2003 4. 86 1. 58 60 62 82 36 2004 3. 73 1. 34 60 66 85 38 2005 2. 49 1. 1 60 56 90 34 2006 1. 5 1. 38 59 57 94 35 2007 2. 21 1. 68 66 63 105 38 2008 3. 05 1. 53 85 69 109 42 2009 3. 15 1. 24 79 77 110 45 2010 2. 44 1. 27 one hundred 81 120 52 Total 28. 56 14. 68 671 639 950 382 Average 2. 856 1. 468 63 62 92 37 Min 1. 69 1. 1 48 47 76 27 Max 4. 86 1. 82 100 81 120 52 Sources Data has been taken from annual reports In year 2001 Dr. RDL has 1. 69 as its current ratio and after that it endlessly increased from 3. 09 to 4. 86 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. plainly in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed invalidating changes but it moves from 2. 21 to 3. 05 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively.In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again lower-ranking fluctuated with an average of 2. 85. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd has 1. 82 as its current ratio and after that it perpetually decreased from 1. 74 to 1. 58 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. scarce in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negative changes but it moves down from 1. 68 to 1. 53 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In t he year 2009 and 2010 it shows again smallish fluctuated with an average of 1. 46. T-test Calculated value of current ratio is 4. 50 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance cal t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. In year 2001 Dr. RDL has 48 eld as its Debtors upper (Days) and after that it ceaselessly increased from 54 (Days) to 60 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. and in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negative changes but it moves down from 66 old age to 85 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 63 days. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. has 47 days as its Debtors pep pill (Days) and after that it continuously increased from 61 (Days) to 62 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. but in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negative changes but it moves up from 63 days to 69 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 62 days. T-test Calculated value of Debtors Velocity (Days) is 0. 3 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal t tab Hence hypothesis is accepted. In year 2001 Dr. RDL 76 days as its Creditors Velocity (Days) and after that it continuously increased from 79 (Days) to 82 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. nevertheless in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negative changes but it moves down from 105 days to 109 days in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 92 days. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 27 days as its Creditors Velocity (Days) and after that it continuously increased from 35 (Days) to 36 days in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. hardly in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed positives changes but it moves down from 38 days to 42 days in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 37 days.T-test Calculated value of Creditors Velocity (Days) is 10. 83 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. supplement Ratios of Dr. RDL & Lupin Ltd. Table-3 Leverage Ratios of Dr. RDL & Lupin Ltd. Debt truth ratio Interest coverage ratio Year Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RD Lupin Ltd. 2001 0. 56 1. 79 5. 05 2. 09 2002 0. 19 1. 88 34. 27 2. 55 2003 0. 01 1. 77 72. 27 2. 53 2004 0. 02 1. 24 72. 71 4. 89 2005 0. 08 0. 86 3. 82 4. 12 2006 0. 28 1. 18 10. 39 8. 6 2007 0. 19 1. 16 27. 29 8. 65 2008 0. 09 0. 83 40. 74 13. 99 2009 0. 11 0. 71 27. 62 2. 35 2010 0. 11 0. 47 68. 8 25. 97 Total 1. 64 11. 89 362. 96 85. 74 Average 0. 16 1. 19 36. 30 8. 57 Min 0. 01 0. 47 3. 82 2. 09 Max 0. 56 1. 88 72. 71 25. 97 Sources Data has been taken from annual reports The Debt equity ratio of Dr. RDL was 0. 56 in 2001 which went down in to 0. 28 in 2006 but it went down to 0. 11 in last years of the study period. The ratio ranged between 0. 01 in 2003 to 0. 56 in 2001. The ratio showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period. The average Debt equity ratio was indicated 0. 16. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 1. 79 as its Debt equity ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 1. 8 to 1. 77 days in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed positives changes but it moves down from 1. 16 to 0. 83 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 1. 19 days. T-test Calculated value of Debt equity ratio is 6. 28 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. Interest coverage ratio of Dr. RDL was 5. 05 in the year of 2001 and Rs 3. 82 in the year of 2006. The Interest coverage ratio went up to 72. 7 in the year of 2003 and 72. 71 in the year 2004 and 3. 82 in the year of 2005. The Interest coverage ratio rose to 27. 29 in the year 2007and again went up to 40. 74in 2008. The Interest coverage ratio was 68. 8 during the last year of study period. The average Interest coverage ratio was 36. 30 with upward trend during the study period. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 2. 09 as its Debt equity ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 2. 55 to 2. 53 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negatives changes but it moves down from 8. 65 to 13. 99 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively.In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 8. 57. T-test Calculated value of Interest coverage ratio is 3. 13 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. Table-4 Turnover ratio of Dr. RDL and Lupin Ltd. Inventory Turnover Ratio Debtors Turnover Ratio Total Assets Turnover Ratio Year Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. 2001 8. 65 11. 3 4. 76 5. 39 1. 03 1. 6 2002 9. 01 6. 61 4. 29 3. 06 0. 99 1. 32 2003 7. 44 7. 02 3. 64 2. 75 0. 92 1. 29 2004 6. 99 6. 74 3. 97 3. 89 0. 88 1. 7 2005 5. 79 5. 23 3. 78 5. 37 0. 85 1. 31 2006 5. 64 5. 95 4. 21 5. 69 0. 82 1. 28 2007 8. 69 5. 7 4. 94 4. 9 0. 75 1. 14 2008 6. 11 5. 08 3. 53 4. 7 0. 65 1. 09 2009 6. 16 4. 39 3. 66 4. 39 0. 64 0. 99 2010 5. 57 5. 13 3. 66 4. 51 0. 59 0. 94 Total 70. 05 63. 15 40. 44 44. 65 8. 12 12. 23 Average 7. 005 6. 315 4. 044 4. 465 0. 812 1. 223 Min 5. 57 4. 39 3. 53 2. 75 0. 59 0. 94 Max 9. 01 11. 3 4. 94 5. 69 1. 03 1. 6 Sources Data has been taken from annual reports In year 2001 Dr. RDL 8. 65 as its Inventory Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 9. 01 to 7. 44 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively.But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negatives changes but it moves down from 8. 69 to 6. 11 in year 2007 and 2008 respec tively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 7. 01. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 11. 3 as its Inventory Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously increased from 6. 61 to 7. 02 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with ups and downs but it moves down from 5. 7 to 5. 08 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 6. 2. Calculated value of Inventory Turnover Ratio is 0. 72 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal t tab Hence hypothesis is accepted. In year 2001 Dr. RDL. 4. 76 as its Debtors Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 4. 29 to 3. 64 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with upward movements but it moves down from 4. 94 to 3. 53 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the ye ar 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 4. 04.In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 5. 39 as its Debtors Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 3. 06 to 2. 75 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with upward movements but it moves down from 4. 9 to 4. 73 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 4. 47. Calculated value of Debtors Turnover Ratio is 1. 21 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal t tab Hence hypothesis is accepted. In year 2001 Dr. RDL. 1. 3 as its Total Assets Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 0. 99 to 0. 92 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with downward movements but it moves down from 0. 75 to 0. 65 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 0. 81. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 1. 6 as its Total Assets Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 1. 32 to 1. 29 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with upward movements but it moves down from 1. 4 to 1. 09 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 1. 22. Calculated value of Total Assets Turnover Ratio is 5. 34 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. Summary findings and Conclusion The liquidity ratio of Lupin Ltd is highly laboured when compared with Dr. RDL. Thus Lupin Ltd has to control the current liabilities or to increase the current assets so that they can cover all the current liabilities and be in safer position.Thus slightly fluctuations in sales in that situation can not affect the paid capacitance of the concern and thus maintain the credibility. The profitability ratio of Dr. RDL is better when it is compared with Lupin Ltd. It can be inferred from the result that Lupin Ltd can expand the business or can move further in newer directions as it is experiencing continuously growth in the profitability. Lupin Ltd has to give a fairer thought to reduce cost in providing services and increasing the turnover so that sustained growth in profitability can be seenReturn on Net Capital Employed is the best test of boilers suit profitability and efficiency of the business firm. A ships company with high rate of return on capital employed would be in a position to capitalize e. g. it can take advantage of all favorable market opportunities. The study shows that returns on capital employed in selected units in India had tag a fluctuated trend. The average was 17. 79 and 25. 6 percent in units in India respectively. This ratio was satisfactory. On the in tegral Dr. DRL had the highest return net on capital employed of As compared to the Lupin ltd.In the light of the above countersign it is suggested that Lupin ltd should down the stairstake cost control measure so that increase net profit to begin with interest and taxes of the company world power enhance the return on net capital employed. The solvency ratio also reveals the same track record of an upper hand over Lupin ltd. This position depicts the financial firmness of purpose or good financial health of the DR. RDL. In this sector Lupin ltd. has to work hard for providing the financial health in terms of capital also. The turnover ratio of Lupin Ltd. is showing better position when compared to DR. RDL. This fact proves that the market size in Lupin Ltd. s far more better than the DR. RDL which in turn is gearing its growth in all the stream. Thus DR. RDL has to work for increasing the market size and customer base so that it can achieve the trend of continuous growth. It can be inferred from the overall financial analysis that Lupin Ltd ltd. has to rethink and device the strategies so that it can lead towards positive way and become the major players. Innovation though financial statement analysis can be seen though mergers and acquisitions and launching of new products and schemes so that enterprise can be proud of being major market players and setter newer and newer goals in the future.Cost accounting and cost audit should be made mandatory for this units and cost canvass along with annual financing statement should be prepared. The polity of borrowed financing in selected Parma group of companies under study was not halal. So the companies should use widely the borrowed funds and should try to reduce the fixed charges hitch gradually by fall borrowed funds and by enhancing the owners fund. For this purpose companies should enlarge their equity share capital by issuing new equity shares. There has been too much of regime interference in pol icy and day-to-day working and decisions.This leads to delays in decision-making. This should be abolished. There is no bonus to the employees to perform better. Also there is no accountability because no one is held responsible for a failure in achieving targets for this kind of problem responsibility centre should be created. Improper planning and delays in execution of projects lead to rise in their cost. So properly planning should be made. To regularize and optimize the use of cash balance proper techniques may be adopted for planning and control of cash. The investments in inventories should be reduced and need to get in a system of prompt collection of debts.Selected pharma companies should try to use properly their operating assets and should try to minimize their non-operating expenses. To conclude the study, it can be said that the adoption of above measures will doubtlessly help the selected companies to improve their overall performance in the management. With the eff icient management of long term fund, selected companies can utilized their capacity optimally and accelerate economic growth of India by increasing the production of pharma product at reasonable cost. References. 1. Dr. Promod Kumar. Analysis of financial statement of Indian IndustriesSaujaniya Publication Ltd. 1992 2. Ahindra Chakrabati Performance of public sector enterprises a Case study on fertilizers The Indian journal of public enterprise. 1988-89 3. Dr. Sugan C. Jain Performance appraisal automobile industry Raj Publishing House, c2002. Jaipur, India 4. Parmar S. J. Financial Efficiency-Modern methods, tools & Techniques Raj publication year of publication-2001 5. Dr Sanjay Bhayani Practical financial statement analysis Raj publication,2003 6. Kakani, Ram Kumar, Saha, Biswatosh and Reddy, V. N.Nagi, Determinants of Financial Performance of Indian Corporate Sector in the Post-Liberalization Era An Exploratory Study (November 2001). depicted object Stock Exchange of India Limi ted, NSE Research Initiative Paper No. 5. 7. Dutts S. K has Indian tea industry an appraisal trouble accountant, March-1992 8. Brigham, Eugene. F and Joel F. Houston. Fundamentals of Financial Management, Ninth Edition, Harcourt College Publishers, gird Worth, 2001. 9. Review of Business Research, 2007 by Tarun K. Mukherjee, Prakash Deo. 10. Gitman, L. J. , Principles of Management finance, unused York Harper & Row publishers,1982,p. 81 11. Paton & Paton. , Corporation Accounts and statements, New York Macmillan Company, 1964, p. 362. 12. Kulshreshtha, N. K. , Analysis of Financial statements of Indian Paper industry, Aligarh Navman Publishing House, 1972, p. 133. 13. Kulshreshtha, N. K. , Op. cit. , p. 134. 14. Hunt W. and Donaldson, G. , Business Finance-text and cases, Illinois Richard D. Irwin, 1965, Pp. 114-115. 15. Roy Chowdhar, A. B. , Analysis and reading of Financial statements, New Delhi luff Longmans, 1970, p. 24. 16. Bogen, J. J. , Financial Handbook New Delhi The R onald press, 1957,p. 53. 17. Weston, J. F. and Brigham, E. F. , Management finance, New York Holt, Rinehart and Winton, Inc, . 1972, p. 88. 18. Hingorani, N. L. and Raman than, A. R. , Management Accounting, New Delhi sultan Chand & Sons, 1977,p. 115. 19. Srivastava, R. M. , Financial Management, Meerut India Pragati Prakasjan, 1979, p. 476. 20. Westiwick, C. A. , Management How to use ratios, Epping Essex Grower Press Ltd. 1973,p. 5 21. Bogen, J. J. , Op. cit. Pp. 751-752. 22. Mohsin, M. , Financial Planning and wangle NewDelhi Vikas publishing House Pvt. Ltd. , 1980, p. 174. 23.Kulshrestha, N. K. Op. cit. , 139. 24. HENDERSON, G. V. , Gurry, J. R. Trnnep Oh. , James E. Wirt. , An Introduction to financial Management, atomic number 20 Addition-Wesley publishing company, 1984, p. 122. 25. Anthony, R. N. and Reece, J. S. , Op. , cit. , p. 198. 26. Information obtained through unstructured interviews from financial managers of the sample units though telephone. 27. Annual reports of selected cement company from 2003-04 to 2008-09 28. Kennedy, R. D. and Mcmullen, S. Y. , Financial statements Forms analysis and interpretation, Illnois Richard D. Irwin inc. 1964, p. 404. Information about this Article Peer-review ratings (from 2 reviews, where a score of 100 represents the average level) Originality = 175. 00, importance = 162. 50, overall quality = 162. 50 This Article was published on 14th March, 2012 at 184124 and has been viewed 2635 times. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons ascription 2. 5 License. The full reference work for this Article is Kakkad, R. (2012). Comparative Financial statement Analysis & Innovation in Private sector Pharmaceutical Companies in India-An empirical Analysis. PHILICA. COM Article number 318.Ratio AnalysisThough there are innumerable literatures available on the subject, the most appropriate studies have been reviewed. Dr. Promod Kumar published a book in 1991 Analysis of financial statement of Indian Industries The st udy covered the 17 private sector, 5 state owned public sector and 1 central public sector companies. He studied analysis of activities, assessment of profitability, return on capital investment, analysis of financial structure, analysis of fixed assets and working capital.In his research he revealed various problems of industries and suggested remedies for the problems. He also suggested for the improvement of profitability and techniques of cost control. 1Ahindra Chakrabati published an articles Performance of public sector enterprises a Case study on fertilizers in The Indian journal of public enterprise in the year 1988-89. He made analysis of consumption and production of fertilizer by public sector he also made analysis of profit and loss statement. He gave suggestion to improve the overall performance of public enterprise. In the year of 2002, Dr. Sugan C. Jain has written a book on Performance appraisal automobile industry In his study he has analyses the performance of the automobile industry and presented comparative study of some national and international units. The operational efficiency and profitability had been analyzed using the composite index approach. He made several suggestions from the strengthening the financial soundness improving profitability, working capital the performance of fixed assets. 3 Recently in the year 1998 a study was made by S.J. parmar on Financial Efficiency-Modern methods, tools & Techniques for the period from 1998-89 to 1994-95. He had made an attempt to analyze financial strength, liquidity, profitability, cost and sales trend and social welfare trend by using various ratios analysis, common size analysis and value added analysis. He made several suggestions for the improvement of profitability of industry. In his analysis, he indicates various reasons for higher cost, low profitability, and inefficient use of internal resources. Dr Sanjay Bhayani published a book in 2003, Practical financial statement analysis The study covered 16 public limited cement companies in private sector. He made study of analysis of profitability, working capital, capital structure and activity of Indian cement industry. In his research he revealed various problems of cement industries and suggested remedies for the problems. He also suggested for the improvement of profitability and techniques of cost control. Ram Kumar,Kakani Biswatosh saha and V. N. Reddy has written research paper on Determinants of Financial Performance of Indian Corporate Sector in the Post-Liberalization Era An Exploratory Study. This paper attempts to provide an empirical validation of the widely held existing theories on the determinants of firm performance in the Indian context. The study uses financial statement and capital market data of 566 large Indian firms over a time frame of eight years divided into two sub-periods (viz. 1992-96, and 1996-2000) to study Indian firms financial performance across various dimensions viz. , shareholde r value, accounting profitability and its components, growth and risk of the sample firms. It reveals that even on the same data, the determinants of market-based performance measures and accounting-based performance measures differ due to influence of Capital Market Conditions. We found that size, marketing expenditure, and international diversification had a positive relation with a firms market valuation.Apart from these firm attributes that reflect either operating parameters of firms or strategic choice of firm managers, we also found that a firms ownership composition, particularly the level of equity ownership by Domestic Financial Institutions and Dispersed Public Shareholders, and the leverage of the firm were important factors affecting its financial performance. The different implications of the findings for various stakeholders of a firm are also discussed. 6Dutts S. K has written an article on Indian tea industry an appraisal which was published in Management accountant in the year of March 1992.He analyzed the profitability, liquidity and financial efficiency by using various ratios. 7 Objectives of the study To evaluate the financial performance of the selected units of Pharmaceutical industry To compare the financial results of the Pharmaceutical industry as Dr Reddys Laboratories Ltd and Lupin Ltd To enquire the adequacy or the accounting information desired from the statement in conformity with laid down accounting statements by the institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI). To study the growth of the said companies To give suggestion for best financing method and efficient utilization of fixed assets METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY Source of the data Comparative Financial statement Analysis & Innovation in Private sector Pharmaceutical Companies in India has been made by using data from financial statements of all five major players in cement industry, they are Dr Reddys Laboratories Ltd. (Dr. RDL), Ambuja Lupin Ltd. (LL), the period of the study was ten years from 2001 to 2010. The data was collected from cpitaline database and from the annual reports of the respective companies.Hypothesis for the study For the present study tested following null hypotheses are tested- Ho1 The Dr Reddys Laboratories Ltd. did not achieve better profitability than Lupine Ltd. Ho2 The Dr Reddys Laboratories Ltd. did not achieve better liquidity than Lupine Ltd. Ho3 The Dr Reddys Laboratories Ltd. did not achieve better turnover than Lupine Ltd. Scope of the study the study Comparative Financial statement Analysis & Innovation in Private sector Pharmaceutical Companies in India.The study therefore includes financial structure performance, working capital performance, and Profitability performance but excludes non-financial areas such as production, marketing, personnel and R& D from its purview. Techniques used for analysis The data have been analyzed with the help of ratio analysis, trend analysis, common size analysis-T test t o test the relation among different ratios of two selected companies. Limitation of the study In order to facilitate uniformity in data, years have been readjusted and the data have been recast as on 31st March of each year.The figure taken from the annual reports have been rounded off to two decimals of rupees in crores. The data available in financial statements have been translated in to a pre-designed structure format so that a meaningful interpretation could be made through inter-firm and intra firm comparisons. The format in which the data have been classified is selected after careful consideration of the operation Pharmaceutical Companies. Nevertheless, the limitations do in no way act as a deterrent in drawing effective and meaningful inferences from the studyAnalysis of the data for knowing Comparative Financial statement Analysis & Innovation in Private sector Pharmaceutical Companies in India the commonly used ratio fixed Gross profit, Net profit, Return on capital emplo yed, Return on Net worth and Earning per share, Current ratio, Debtors Velocity (Days), Creditors Velocity (Days), Debt equity ratio and Interest coverage ratio, Inventory turnover Ratio, Debtors Turnover Ratio and Total Assets Turnover Ratio Analysis and interpretation Table-1 Profitability Ratios of Dr Reddys Laboratories Ltd & Lupine Ltd. Gross profit Net profit ROC RON EPS Year Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr.RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RD Lupin Ltd. Dr. RD Lupin Ltd. Dr. RD Lupin Ltd. 2001 22. 16 9. 25 19 6. 65 31. 5 23. 02 29. 23 31. 13 45. 32 201. 66 2002 33. 1 12. 49 32. 39 7. 54 42. 06 16. 64 45. 71 22. 07 59. 56 17. 42 2003 30. 78 12. 2 28. 34 7. 3 26. 44 16. 05 24. 02 20. 3 50. 6 17. 44 2004 21. 55 19. 07 20. 4 12. 48 15. 61 27. 1 14. 7 36. 14 36. 37 23. 76 2005 7. 9 9. 77 9. 19 6. 96 2. 19 12. 75 2. 77 17. 79 7. 85 20. 09 2006 16. 27 16. 29 14. 12 11 9. 24 20. 86 8. 57 31. 93 26. 82 44. 61 2007 37. 06 16. 27 32. 39 10. 53 35. 94 19. 39 35. 47 27. 89 69. 45 36. 75 2008 21. 63 19. 27 18. 47 13. 53 12. 01 23. 85 10. 35 32. 02 27. 2 52. 31 2009 21. 77 18. 28 17. 8 14. 17 13. 55 22. 29 11. 14 30. 97 32. 25 48. 22 2010 28. 77 21. 56 23. 52 17. 7 17. 79 25. 6 15. 14 33. 23 48. 25 70. 7 Total 240. 99 154. 45 215. 62 107. 86 206. 33 207. 55 197. 1 283. 47 404. 09 532. 96 Average 24. 099 15. 445 21. 562 10. 786 20. 633 20. 755 19. 71 28. 347 40. 409 53. 296 Min 7. 9 9. 25 9. 19 6. 65 2. 19 12. 75 2. 77 17. 79 7. 85 17. 42 Max 37. 06 21. 56 32. 39 17. 7 42. 06 27. 1 45. 71 36. 14 69. 45 201. 66 Sources Data has been taken from annual reports The gross profit ratio of Dr. RDL was 22. 16 % in 2001 which went down in to 7. 9% in 2005 but it rose up to 28. 7% in last years of the study period. The ratio ranged between 7. 9% in 2005 to 37. 06% in 2007. The ratio showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period. The average gross profit ratio was 24. 09% indicated. The gross profit ratio of Lupin Ltd. showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period with an average of 15. 45%. The ratio was the highest in the year of 2010 and very lowest 2001. T-test T-Test Calculated value of gross profit ratio is 2. 86 Tabulated value at 5% significant value=1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. The Net profit ratio of Dr.RDL was 19% in the year of 2001 and increased to 32. 39% in the year of 2002. The ratio went down to 28. 34% in year of 2003. The ratio was very low of 9. 19% during the year of 2005 and very highest during the year of 2002. The average ratio was 21. 56% with fluctuated trend. The Net profit ratio of Lupin Ltd. was 6. 65 % in 2001 which went down in to 6. 96% in 2005 but it rose up to 17. 7% in last years of the study period. The ratio ranged between 6. 65% in 2001 to 17. 7% in 2010. The ratio showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period. The average gross profit ratio was 10. 78% indicated. T-testCalculated value of net profit ratio is 4. 01 Tabulated value at 5% significant value = 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. The return on capital employed ratio was 31. 5% in 2001 which went down to 9. 24 % in the year of 2006 and also went down to 13. 55% and 17. 79 during the years of 2009 and 2010 respectively. The ratio ranged between 2. 19% in year of 2005to 42. 06% in the year of 2002. The ratio showed down ward trend with an average of 20. 63%. The return on capital employed of Lupin Ltd was showing much fluctuated trend during the year study period.The average ratio was 20. 76 in the Lupin Ltd which showed fluctuated trend during the study period. The ratio was 23. 02% in year of 2001 and 20. 86% in year of 2006 and 25. 6% during the last year of study period. The ratio has gone down due to decreased in volume of sales. The sales have gone down since price rise took place in market. T-test Calculated value of return on capital employed ratio is 0. 028 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e . f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal t tab Hence hypothesis is accepted. The Return on net worth ratio of Dr. RDL was 29. 3% in 2001 which went down in to 8. 57% in 2006 but it rose up to 15. 14% in last years of the study period. The ratio ranged between 2. 77% in 2005 to 45. 71% in 2002. The ratio showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period. The average gross profit ratio was indicated19. 71%. The Return on net worth ratio of Lupin Ltd. showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period with an average of 28. 347%. The ratio ranged between 17. 79% in 2005 to 36. 14% in 2004. T-test Calculated value of Return on net worth ratio is 1. 84 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance cal t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. Earnings per share of Dr. RDL were Rs. 45. 32 in the year of 2001 and Rs 59. 56 in the year of 59. 56. The EPS went down to 50. 6 in the year of 2003 and Rs 36. 37 in the year 2004 and Rs. 7. 85 in the year of 2005. The EPS rose to 69. 45 in the year 2007and again went down to 27. 62 in 2008. The EPS Rs. 48. 25 during the last year of study period. The average ESP was 40. 41 with downward trend during the study period. The EPS was 201. 66 in Lupin Ltd. and went down to 20. 09 in the year of 2005 and reached down to 70. 7 during the last year of study period.The EPS showed lower level of EPS due to less utilization of financial leverage. T-test Calculated value of Earnings per share is 0. 70 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal t tab Hence hypothesis is accepted. Table-2 Liquidity ratio of Dr. RDL and Lupin Ltd. Current ratio Debtors Velocity (Days) Creditors Velocity (Days) Year Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. 2001 1. 69 1. 82 48 47 76 27 2002 3. 09 1. 74 54 61 79 35 2003 4. 86 1. 58 60 62 82 36 2004 3. 73 1. 34 60 66 85 38 2005 2. 49 1. 1 60 56 90 34 2006 1. 5 1. 38 59 57 94 35 2007 2 . 21 1. 68 66 63 105 38 2008 3. 05 1. 53 85 69 109 42 2009 3. 15 1. 24 79 77 110 45 2010 2. 44 1. 27 100 81 120 52 Total 28. 56 14. 68 671 639 950 382 Average 2. 856 1. 468 63 62 92 37 Min 1. 69 1. 1 48 47 76 27 Max 4. 86 1. 82 100 81 120 52 Sources Data has been taken from annual reports In year 2001 Dr. RDL has 1. 69 as its current ratio and after that it continuously increased from 3. 09 to 4. 86 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negative changes but it moves from 2. 21 to 3. 05 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively.In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuated with an average of 2. 85. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd has 1. 82 as its current ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 1. 74 to 1. 58 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negative changes but it moves down from 1. 68 to 1. 53 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again l ittle fluctuated with an average of 1. 46. T-test Calculated value of current ratio is 4. 50 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance cal t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. In year 2001 Dr. RDL has 48 days as its Debtors Velocity (Days) and after that it continuously increased from 54 (Days) to 60 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negative changes but it moves down from 66 days to 85 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 63 days. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. has 47 days as its Debtors Velocity (Days) and after that it continuously increased from 61 (Days) to 62 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively.But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negative changes but it moves up from 63 days to 69 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an avera ge of 62 days. T-test Calculated value of Debtors Velocity (Days) is 0. 3 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal t tab Hence hypothesis is accepted. In year 2001 Dr. RDL 76 days as its Creditors Velocity (Days) and after that it continuously increased from 79 (Days) to 82 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively.But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negative changes but it moves down from 105 days to 109 days in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 92 days. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 27 days as its Creditors Velocity (Days) and after that it continuously increased from 35 (Days) to 36 days in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed positives changes but it moves down from 38 days to 42 days in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an averag e of 37 days.T-test Calculated value of Creditors Velocity (Days) is 10. 83 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. Leverage Ratios of Dr. RDL & Lupin Ltd. Table-3 Leverage Ratios of Dr. RDL & Lupin Ltd. Debt equity ratio Interest coverage ratio Year Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RD Lupin Ltd. 2001 0. 56 1. 79 5. 05 2. 09 2002 0. 19 1. 88 34. 27 2. 55 2003 0. 01 1. 77 72. 27 2. 53 2004 0. 02 1. 24 72. 71 4. 89 2005 0. 08 0. 86 3. 82 4. 12 2006 0. 28 1. 18 10. 39 8. 6 2007 0. 19 1. 16 27. 29 8. 65 2008 0. 09 0. 83 40. 74 13. 99 2009 0. 11 0. 71 27. 62 2. 35 2010 0. 11 0. 47 68. 8 25. 97 Total 1. 64 11. 89 362. 96 85. 74 Average 0. 16 1. 19 36. 30 8. 57 Min 0. 01 0. 47 3. 82 2. 09 Max 0. 56 1. 88 72. 71 25. 97 Sources Data has been taken from annual reports The Debt equity ratio of Dr. RDL was 0. 56 in 2001 which went down in to 0. 28 in 2006 but it went down to 0. 11 in last years of the study per iod. The ratio ranged between 0. 01 in 2003 to 0. 56 in 2001. The ratio showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period. The average Debt equity ratio was indicated 0. 16. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 1. 79 as its Debt equity ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 1. 8 to 1. 77 days in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed positives changes but it moves down from 1. 16 to 0. 83 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 1. 19 days. T-test Calculated value of Debt equity ratio is 6. 28 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. Interest coverage ratio of Dr. RDL was 5. 05 in the year of 2001 and Rs 3. 82 in the year of 2006. The Interest coverage ratio went up to 72. 7 in the year of 2003 and 72. 71 in the year 2004 and 3. 82 in the year of 2005. The Interest c overage ratio rose to 27. 29 in the year 2007and again went up to 40. 74in 2008. The Interest coverage ratio was 68. 8 during the last year of study period. The average Interest coverage ratio was 36. 30 with upward trend during the study period. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 2. 09 as its Debt equity ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 2. 55 to 2. 53 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negatives changes but it moves down from 8. 65 to 13. 99 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively.In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 8. 57. T-test Calculated value of Interest coverage ratio is 3. 13 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. Table-4 Turnover ratio of Dr. RDL and Lupin Ltd. Inventory Turnover Ratio Debtors Turnover Ratio Total Assets Turnover Ratio Year Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. 2001 8. 65 11. 3 4. 76 5. 39 1. 03 1. 6 2002 9. 01 6. 61 4. 29 3. 06 0. 99 1. 32 2003 7. 44 7. 02 3. 64 2. 75 0. 92 1. 29 2004 6. 99 6. 74 3. 97 3. 89 0. 88 1. 7 2005 5. 79 5. 23 3. 78 5. 37 0. 85 1. 31 2006 5. 64 5. 95 4. 21 5. 69 0. 82 1. 28 2007 8. 69 5. 7 4. 94 4. 9 0. 75 1. 14 2008 6. 11 5. 08 3. 53 4. 7 0. 65 1. 09 2009 6. 16 4. 39 3. 66 4. 39 0. 64 0. 99 2010 5. 57 5. 13 3. 66 4. 51 0. 59 0. 94 Total 70. 05 63. 15 40. 44 44. 65 8. 12 12. 23 Average 7. 005 6. 315 4. 044 4. 465 0. 812 1. 223 Min 5. 57 4. 39 3. 53 2. 75 0. 59 0. 94 Max 9. 01 11. 3 4. 94 5. 69 1. 03 1. 6 Sources Data has been taken from annual reports In year 2001 Dr. RDL 8. 65 as its Inventory Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 9. 01 to 7. 44 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively.But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negatives changes but it moves down from 8. 69 to 6. 11 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctu ations with an average of 7. 01. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 11. 3 as its Inventory Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously increased from 6. 61 to 7. 02 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with ups and downs but it moves down from 5. 7 to 5. 08 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 6. 2. Calculated value of Inventory Turnover Ratio is 0. 72 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal t tab Hence hypothesis is accepted. In year 2001 Dr. RDL. 4. 76 as its Debtors Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 4. 29 to 3. 64 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with upward movements but it moves down from 4. 94 to 3. 53 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an av erage of 4. 04.In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 5. 39 as its Debtors Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 3. 06 to 2. 75 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with upward movements but it moves down from 4. 9 to 4. 73 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 4. 47. Calculated value of Debtors Turnover Ratio is 1. 21 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal t tab Hence hypothesis is accepted. In year 2001 Dr. RDL. 1. 3 as its Total Assets Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 0. 99 to 0. 92 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with downward movements but it moves down from 0. 75 to 0. 65 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 0. 81. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 1. 6 as its Total Assets Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 1. 32 to 1. 29 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with upward movements but it moves down from 1. 4 to 1. 09 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 1. 22. Calculated value of Total Assets Turnover Ratio is 5. 34 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. Summary findings and Conclusion The liquidity ratio of Lupin Ltd is highly threatening when compared with Dr. RDL. Thus Lupin Ltd has to control the current liabilities or to increase the current assets so that they can cover all the current liabilities and be in safer position.Thus slightly fluctuations in sales in that situation can not affect the paying capacity of the concern and thus maintain the credibility. The profitability ratio of Dr. RDL is better when it is compared with Lupin Ltd. It can be inferred from the result that Lupin Ltd can expand the business or can move further in newer directions as it is experiencing continuously growth in the profitability. Lupin Ltd has to give a fairer thought to reduce cost in providing services and increasing the turnover so that sustained growth in profitability can be seenReturn on Net Capital Employed is the best test of overall profitability and efficiency of the business firm. A company with high rate of return on capital employed would be in a position to capitalize e. g. it can take advantage of all favorable market opportunities. The study shows that returns on capital employed in selected units in India had marked a fluctuated trend. The average was 17. 79 and 25. 6 percent in units in India respectively. This ratio was satisfactory. On the whole Dr. DRL had the highest return net on capital employed of As compared to the Lupin ltd.In the light of the above discussion it is suggested that Lupin ltd should undertake cost control measure so that increase net profit before interest and taxes of the company might enhance the return on net capital employed. The solvency ratio also reveals the same track record of an upper hand over Lupin ltd. This position depicts the financial soundness or good financial health of the DR. RDL. In this sector Lupin ltd. has to work hard for providing the financial health in terms of capital also. The turnover ratio of Lupin Ltd. is showing better position when compared to DR. RDL. This fact proves that the market size in Lupin Ltd. s far more better than the DR. RDL which in turn is gearing its growth in all the stream. Thus DR. RDL has to work for increasing the market size and customer base so that it can achieve the trend of continuous growth. It can be inferred from the overall financial analysis that Lupin Ltd ltd. has to rethink and device the strategies so tha t it can lead towards positive way and become the major players. Innovation though financial statement analysis can be seen though mergers and acquisitions and launching of new products and schemes so that enterprise can be proud of being major market players and setter newer and newer goals in the future.Cost accounting and cost audit should be made mandatory for this units and cost sheet along with annual financing statement should be prepared. The policy of borrowed financing in selected Parma group of companies under study was not proper. So the companies should use widely the borrowed funds and should try to reduce the fixed charges burden gradually by decreasing borrowed funds and by enhancing the owners fund. For this purpose companies should enlarge their equity share capital by issuing new equity shares. There has been too much of government interference in policy and day-to-day working and decisions.This leads to delays in decision-making. This should be abolished. There i s no incentive to the employees to perform better. Also there is no accountability because no one is held responsible for a failure in achieving targets for this kind of problem responsibility centre should be created. Improper planning and delays in implementation of projects lead to rise in their cost. So properly planning should be made. To regularize and optimize the use of cash balance proper techniques may be adopted for planning and control of cash. The investments in inventories should be reduced and need to introduce a system of prompt collection of debts.Selected pharma companies should try to use properly their operating assets and should try to minimize their non-operating expenses. To conclude the study, it can be said that the adoption of above measures will doubtlessly help the selected companies to improve their overall performance in the management. With the efficient management of long term fund, selected companies can utilized their capacity optimally and accelera te economic growth of India by increasing the production of pharma product at reasonable cost. References. 1. Dr. Promod Kumar. Analysis of financial statement of Indian IndustriesSaujaniya Publication Ltd. 1992 2. Ahindra Chakrabati Performance of public sector enterprises a Case study on fertilizers The Indian journal of public enterprise. 1988-89 3. Dr. Sugan C. Jain Performance appraisal automobile industry Raj Publishing House, c2002. Jaipur, India 4. 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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2. 5 License. The full citation for this Article is Kakkad, R. (2012). Comparative Financial statement Analysis & Innovation in Private sector Pharmaceutical Companies in India-An empirical Analysis. PHILICA. COM Article number 318.