Jamaican History Essay - 1309 Words

Jamaica: History, Government, People, Religion Jamaica is a tropical island, located in the heart of the Caribbean Sea. Around the coastlines are beautiful beaches with crystal clear blue-green water. In some respects, this is the majority of what people know about Jamaica. In this orientation text you will better understand Jamaicas history, the people who live there, the many different religions, geography, and governments that have ruled the land. The land of Jamaica is very small. The total land mass area of the island is 4,243 square miles. Stretching 146 miles from east to west and at its furthest points north to south, approximately 51 miles (Encyclopedia Americana, 2001, P 670). Within this area, the land is largely†¦show more content†¦With the indigenous people gone, and Spain being overthrown, all the imported African slaves revolted. Renegade slaves were called Maroons. The Maroons waged war against there new governing country for nearly 100 years until a peace treaty was signed in 1738 (Encyclopedia America na, 2001, P 671). This era in Jamaican history is arguably the worst of all times of turmoil in Jamaican history. By the early 18th century, with the peace treaty in place, Jamaica began to build vast amounts of sugar plantations. Sugar became the main export to England. Second, and not far behind, was slave trade. Jamaicas location in the heart of the Caribbean Sea made it an ideal port for harboring slaves until they were needed to sell. This enabled Jamaica to be one of the British crowns most lucrative assets (Encyclopedia Americana, 2001, P 673). Things changed with the British Parliaments abolishment of the slave trade in 1833. Freed slaves became independent farmers or employees of surviving sugar plantations. The government also changed from an elected British assembly to a governorÂâ€"controlled crown colony enacted in 1866 and run for 75 years. During this political change, sugar industry slowed and the emergence of the banana industry became Jamaicas main export (Encycl opedia Americana, 2001, P 673). Jamaica formed a two party system in its changes. The Peoples National Party (PNP) and Jamaican Labor Party (JLP) would alternate rule for theShow MoreRelatedHistory of Jamaican Music1268 Words   |  6 PagesCrystal Hislop Research Paper: Final Submission History of Jamaican Music Contemporary History Professor:   Sharon  Rodriguez 2/19/12 History of Jamaican Music The history of Jamaican music is inextricably intertwined with the history of the Jamaican people. Jamaica is the third largest island in the Caribbean, and was initially populated by the Arawak people. Christopher Columbus discovered the island on his second voyage to the Americas, and it was settled first by Spanish colonistsRead More The History of Jamaican Maroons Essay2381 Words   |  10 PagesThe History of Jamaican Maroons European colonialism in the Caribbean was dependent upon the use of African slaves as a major source of labor. Inevitably, some of these slaves escaped and formed isolated communities that allowed them to live outside the white-dominated plantation societies that were the norm of the time. These escaped slaves were given the name Maroon, possibly originating from the term marronage, or slave revolt. These Maroon communities existed in many different areas in theRead MoreJAMAICA history: The history of Jamaica is a rich and vibrant that inspire them to move forward as900 Words   |  4 Pages JAMAICA history: The history of Jamaica is a rich and vibrant that inspire them to move forward as a nation. The original inhabitants of Jamaica are believed to be the Arawaks , also called Tainos. Arawaks came from South America 2,500 years ago and named its island Xaymaca which meant â€Å"land of wood and water†. The Arawaks are simple people by nature. Arawaks were light brown in colour, short and well-shaped with coarse, black hair. Their facesRead More Food: A Link in African American Culture Essay1793 Words   |  8 Pagesyet very distinct backgrounds. They range from a black Jew, to a â€Å"Jamerican,† to what I would call a â€Å"traditional southerner†, right on down to a modern day Muslim. They all agreed to fill me in and reveal to others the details of their personal history and family backgrounds. Geography, family tradition, and religion all play factors in what they eat as it always has dating back to ancestral times. I began with â€Å"JJ Alex;† a 20 year old African American male from the east coast. He is a middleRead MoreThe Unique Lan guage of Jamaica887 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction It is often said that Jamaicans have a unique language. Some may say Jamaicans do not have a language of their own. Jamaicans official language however is Standard English. However there has been much confusion in the language we speak because we sometimes or often times speak in what is called Patois, Creole or even Ungrammatical English. This however is not considered a language. Patois is not a native language, it is a second language. Patois is a combination of English and AfricanRead MoreInterview : A Middle Aged, Black, Jamaican Woman1706 Words   |  7 Pages The person I had chosen to interview is a middle-aged, black, Jamaican woman; I will call Lorna. I had known Lorna for many years now. I had met her while I was working in the operating room as an OR nurse. Lorna came to us a couple of years later, hired for a position of the surgical technologist. From the moment I had met her, we had become close friends. I liked her. She was very skilled as a scrub tech, and when we were assigned to an operating room together, I had confidence that LornaRead MoreJamaic Out Of Many, One People1245 Words   |  5 PagesJamaica: Out of Many, One People History of the Culture One would think that an island would have a culture of its own with very little outside influence, however that is not the case with this island. Located in the Caribbean Sea, Jamaica is rich in culture from its European and African history. Jamaica was first populated by the Taino people, who were also called Arawaks, in AD 600. It was then found by Christopher Columbus in 1492, and shortly thereafter became a Spanish Territory. A decadeRead MoreColonialism, By Lois Tyson Essay1775 Words   |  8 Pagesto people of color, no matter where they are from. In order to book a motel room, Boy speaks to the motel keeper â€Å"in his most formal, Jesuit-educated manner† (Cliff 55). Because the motel keeper is skeptical of Boy’s ethnicity, here, Boy sheds his Jamaican accent and acquires a more appropriate accent of the dominant culture. His accent successfully convinces the motel keeper that, although he and his family are from Jamaica, they are white. This moment becomes a turning point for Boy as he realizesRead MoreQueen Nanny Of The Windward Maroons2579 Words   |  11 PagesQueen Nanny of the Windward Maroons, has been overlooked by historians, who limited their focus to only the male figures in Maroons History. Due to her being overlooked factual information is unclear and her history was handed down thorough folklore. However, amongst the Maroons themselves, Queen Nanny also known as Obeah Woman Nanny and Granny Nanny, is held in the highest honor. Back in the 17th to 18th century, Nanny was a leader of the Rebellious group of black people called Maroons (peopleRead More Jamaica’s Troubled Past Essay3198 Words   |  13 PagesSpanish rule, the second wave was during British control. The Maroons used the highlands of Jamaica to seek refuge, establish colonies and attack plantations when needed. Even today the beliefs and herbal practices of the Maroons are still evident in Jamaican culture. Their trouble past has made their life difficult but even today they are a presence in Jamaica. The First Deserters The idea of runaways did not take long in the Caribbean islands. Jamaica was not the only island experiencing runaways

Role of Peer Coaches Essay - 913 Words

What is peer coaching? Is it effective? Teachers have an essential role in students’ performance and achievement. The quality of teaching, teachers’ experience and knowledge, curriculum planning and instruction they all have effect on students’ achievement. Becker (2010) describes peer coaching as a method that improves teaching and learning. As we can see majority of the time our focus is on students and teaching methods and elements that enhance their achievement. Peer coaching is a new technique and practice that helps teachers to change their teaching practice to achieve better outcome. According to Wong and Nicotera (2003), peer coaching is a professional development strategy that can impact and improve teaching quality. Scott and†¦show more content†¦The first factor is schools environment and how much they are ready to make new changes within their educational environment and practice innovative strategies. The second factor is the level of parti cipation. If the level of teachers and staff participation goes higher we will definitely see more positive results. The third factor is money; the schools and districts have to provide enough money for programs like this while they are devoting their time into it as well. The forth factor is a collective language; staff and educator has to be able to communicate with each other in order to share their experiences and teaching practices. The fifth factor is coaching skills; it is important that teachers or staff who are practicing as a coach have had coaching trainings and skills. The sixth factor is partner; they have to select a partner that they are comfortable to work with. Building a trusting relationship is also important at this stage since the participants negotiate coaching procedures in detail. Providing feedback is the seventh factor; and participants have to be able to analyze the information that they exchange and their observations in order to provide helpful feedback to their peer. And finally the last but not least factor is leadership. Leadership is important in order for the coaching process to be effective, efficient, and successful. What are mentor teachers? Mentor teachers are teachers with high experience and skills who are selected to mentor newShow MoreRelatedThe Teacher Assistants Of Canadian International Collage, Ahram Canadian University, Modern And Science Academy Essay1387 Words   |  6 Pagesthis methods on the teacher assistants of Canadian international collage, ahram Canadian university , modern and science academy . Introduction Managers are increasingly expected to be able to competently perform each of the four learning roles - trainer, coach, mentor, and counselor - for their team as the need arises. Coaching is driven by a questions addressed to the coachee. .coaching become a popular title that is being used by a lot of professionals often with no training .coachingRead MoreSports As A Tool For Development Of Social Character Development1309 Words   |  6 PagesDirks, Stams, Biesta, Hoeksma, 2011). Participating in sports as adolescents may help with learning how to respect the community, peers, family, and themselves (Berlin, Dworkin, Eames, Menconi, Perkins, 2007). Sports may affect social character growth and development. The purpose of the paper was to understand how peer interaction, the influences of parents and coaches, and the cognitive choices of the adolescent impact character development. (Bowers, Green, Hemme, Chalip 2014; Hwand, Machida,Read MoreEating Disorders Has Affected The Li ves Of Many Athletes Around The World1546 Words   |  7 Pagesreports that â€Å"64 percent of member schools report at least one female athlete with a diagnosed eating disorder (Gaines, S.A., 2014).† Although this is true, there are males who have eating disorders as well. Athletes are sometimes pressured by their coaches to maintain a certain weight for a better performance or higher scores from judges which can lead to a disorder in their eating routine. Eating disorders can affect someone’s identity work. According to Guptill, â€Å"identity work is the activity throughRead MoreA Research Study About The Stereotype Threat Effect On African- American College Students833 Words   |  4 Pagespride and self-confidence (DeMeulenaere, 2010). This sample size is not really big and might probably consist of many confounding variables, but the interviews with the influential people around these studied individuals, such as the peers, family, teachers, and coaches, show many different and consistent perspectives. Besides, through sports many people can be reached and get attached to the school in a different way then with academics. Nowadays, students are less and less interested in learningRead MoreGuidelines, And Standards For Professional Development856 Words   |  4 Pageslearners (Vacca, Vacca, and Mraz, 2014, p.388). 8. How are the roles of literacy coaches, teachers, and principals changing today in support of professional development and the school learning community? Many literacy coaches are seen as mentors to teachers, model and observe in classrooms, work with study groups and teacher teams, lead a school wide literacy council, advise principals on the literacy program at school, work with literacy coaches at other schools, and work with parents and the communityRead MoreImportance of Sportsmanship Essay632 Words   |  3 Pagesforever taint a positive athletic career, and that is why it is vital that sportsmanship is emphasized from a very young age. One reason that sportsmanship is important is the fact that it promotes healthy relationships with your peers. Whether you are talking to coaches, teammates, officials, or even opposing players, it is important that you always speak in a positive, controlled tone. Once this quality is instilled in you, it will help you with communicating for the rest of your life. Your opinionsRead MoreCareer Development And Performance Of Succession Planning Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesCareer Development and Performance Succession planning selects and develops future company leaders, but it is also an important opportunity an organization can use to develop employees for non-management roles. Succession planning concentrates on high-potential employees that the organization considers promising for higher-level manager positions (Noe, 2016). Succession planning should be combined with talent reviews to help employees understand their current skills and abilities and the skillsRead MoreEssay on Figerouas Framework1149 Words   |  5 Pageslink together – individual, interpersonal, institutional, structural and cultural. The following paragraphs demonstrate the use of Figueroa Framework as a tool to analyse the barriers to my performance in beach volleyball and part of this involves a peer evaluation (Appendix A).Each of these levels interacts with equity issues in various ways. These numerous levels deal with social beliefs, values, social position, power, media coverage, resources and reward s (Kirk et al, 2004). Each of the five levelsRead MorePlaying Sports Throughout Your Childhood1491 Words   |  6 Pages Sports can teach you many things about life and education without you even noticing it. Every sport has an effect on your education by the way you interact with your teammates and coaches. The coaches are able to teach you new skills that will be useful in the future of your sport and life. Constantly being around all these people help you learn new things that you probably had no idea about. The research we found shows that playing sports throughout your childhood helps improve learning how toRead MoreSports And Athletic Development Of Young Athletes1685 Words   |  7 PagesIt is obvious that parents play an important role in their children’s lives, providing physical, emotional and financial support for children from a young age (Wuerth, Lee, Alfermann, 2004). That role extends to sport and physical activity. Sport not only allows children to become physically active but it also helps children advance socially and mentally. The relationships that children make from sport are often some of their longest lasting friendships and the strategic and competitive aspects

Cloning4 Essay Example For Students

Cloning4 Essay Scientific experimentation has led us to many great discoveries such as: Chemotherapy, heart surgery, and bone marrow transplants. Recently scientists have discovered a new way to heal humans. This is known as cloning. Although they have yet to clone a human they have cloned sheep. Cloning has brought up a huge controversy among the American people. There are two sides to the story. Either you agree with cloning or you dont. The only way to help make that decision is to look at the good and bad points of cloning.There are many positive aspects of human and non-human cloning. Human cloning technology could be used to reverse the number one killer in the United States, heart attacks. Scientists believe that they may be able to treat heart attack victims by cloning their healthy heart cells and injecting them into the areas of the heart that have been damaged. There has also been a breakthrough with human stem cells. Embryonic stem cells can be grown to produce organs or tissues to repair or replace damaged ones. Skin burn victims, brain cells for the brain damaged, spinal cord cells for quadriplegics and paraplegics, hearts, lungs, livers, and kidneys could be produced. By combining this technology with human cloning technology it may be possible to produce needed tissue for suffering people that will be free of rejection by their immune systems. Conditions such as Alzheimers disease Parkinsons disease, diabetes, heart failure, and other problems may be made curable by human cloning. (Cloning to Save Lives)Now there are also some ways that we are playing god through cloning. For example, infertile parents could easily have a baby cloned using their DNA and women that are at high risk for Downs syndrome can avoid that risk by cloning. Even though this sounds great we are basically changing reproduction, as we have always known it to be. There are also many negative aspects of cloning. To create different organs or limbs in order to help a person to live longer or more comfortably seems to go against nature. The way human life should be created is through sexual intercourse. Harmond Varmus, a schoolteacher, said it best; Human cloning represents a grave attack on the dignity of conception and on the right an unrepeatable, unpredetermined set of genes. To clone an animal is almost the same thing. We are playing with the way humans and animals have reproduced for years. Is it fair that we clone and then kill an animal just for its organs in order to save a persons life? Scientists are not even sure that the animals organs will be compatible with the human body. According to the Medical Research Modernization Committee (MRMC), studies have shown that biotech products could increase some forms of human cancer, limit the effectiveness of antibiodicts, and cause potentially fatal allergic reactions such as: human growth hormone, L-Tryptoplan, human insulin, and genetically altered foods). (Is Cloning the Way to Go?)Although science has come a long way in being able to prolong human life by drugs and surgeries I think it should stop there. With cloning we are going against nature and the outcome of that can not be a good one. I understand that cloning has its good aspects and there are more reasons why cloning should be legal than why it shouldnt but it is not right. Scientists are willing to clone people at what cost? I know that the book Frankenstein is a little different but look what happens in that book. The creation/monster turned on his creator and began killing people. How do we know that something like that will not happen? This is the kind of thing that happens when people start playing God, Human cloning would not result in identical souls because only God can create a soul James Geraghty said this when asked how he felt about cloning. .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173 , .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173 .postImageUrl , .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173 , .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173:hover , .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173:visited , .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173:active { border:0!important; } .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173:active , .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173 .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u21fec6d245a467d15aec8402526c7173:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay Modern Business Tools: Data Mining and Data Warehousing Essay (Playing God Through Cloning)Bibliography:

Multi Layered Psychosocial Care Package †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Multi Layered Psychosocial Care Package. Answer: Introduction Different but related readings were selected and their nature and purposes explored. The authors and intended audience of all the readings were also identified. The analysis of the main themes was also don in relation to personal experiences and interests. Strengths and possible gaps of the literatures provided were also explored in relation to the issue at hand. Practice driven evaluation of a multi-layered psychosocial care package for children This is a research paper that portrays an evaluation of four conflict affected countries that are hit by a multi-layered psychosocial and mental health care delivery framework. This is achieved through various levels involving multiple filters to the arrival of the last stage(Sommers-Flanagan, J., Sommers-Flanagan, R., 2014). The different levels include; Level 1- the population that I affected by violence Level 2- children who go to school and are exposed to the consequential risk at hand Level 3- children with severe psychosocial problems being divided into sub groups Level 4- training paraprofessional to take care of the affected children by administering the desired treatment to them. Level 5- treating children with disorders This was a technique that was used to select the children with mental and psychosocial disorders and help them out(Alisic, E., Conroy, R., Magyar, J., Babl, F. E., O'Donnell, M. L., 2014). This is a project report. This is due to its nature and the fact that its a reportshowing the implementation of a given proposal that was insinuated to enhance the improvement of that particular situation ofchildren who were exposed to mental and psychosocial disorders due to violence in their countries. The author is the project manager who ensured the implementation of the project. The donor-in this case it is the PLAN Netherlands since they made funds available for the implementation of the project. The governments of the recipient four countries; where the project was implemented because they had to get a copy of the report afterthe implementation. Themes Utilization and evaluation of care package This care package encompasses of five different levels that were used to care for children with mental and psychosocial disorders in the four countries affected by conflicts. Selection and admittance to varying levels of care The concerned children who are put in sub groups are examined, and the hugely affected ones are put under the necessary therapy and given the best care until they get better(Hotham, S., Hamilton-West, K. E., Hutton, E., King, A., 2014). Treatment related criteria This includes the result of the treatment, perception of the treatment outcome and the treatment burden. Questionnaires and interviews are conducted for this purpose to come out with a desirable outcome(Okun, B., Kantrowitz, R., 2014). Strengths/gaps The main strength of this reading is that the authors have portrayed the kind of help and service that should be given to children with various disabilities and disorders. They discuss the types of initiatives that should be taken into consideration to ensure that the parties involved get all the care they need. Counseling psychology quarterly This is a case study in counseling psychology that tends to improve the informal and embedded ways counseling by the non-qualified practitioners like the nurses, teachers and the social workers. This is brought about by the ability of the service users to open up quickly to them. Research has proved that it is the most significant form of counseling that people receive and so critical resources should be executed so as to enhance the quality of counseling sessions by the practitioners in other fields like education, social work and other professions so as to contribute effectively in the health and well-being of the service providers(Chui, H., Ziemer, K. S., Palma, B., Hill, C. E. . , 2014). This is an article that has been published by counseling professionals with vast experience in counseling. It contains counseling skills and knowledge that is relevant to both the service providers and the service users(Hill, C. E., Kline, K., Bauman, V., Brent, T., Breslin, C., Calderon, M., ... Kuo, P. , 2015).The author of this article is John McLeod and Julia McLeod. John McLeod is a psychology professor who is the author of many books and articles in psychotherapy and counseling. Julia McLeod is a counseling lecturer and is co-author of counseling skills. The intended audience of this article is the psychology practitioners, trainers and researchers. The article provides important counseling skills that enhance the quality of counseling sessions and highlighting the challenges to be encountered by the service providers(Chan, F., Thomas, K. R. (Eds.). , 2015). Themes: Scope and extent of embedded counseling Survey research has shown that many people seek emotional support from the non-qualified counseling practitioners like the clergy, nurses and teachers hence they deal with a broad range of emotional problems like marriage problems, stress and inability to perform tasks. Practitioners perspectives on the experience of using counseling skills The practitioners are normally faced with a variety of challenges in the course of counseling since they deal with a wide range of difficult clients. Furthermore, some clients have difficulty in controlling their tempers and emotions. For this reason it is crucial to possess the counseling skills and the need to be empathetic. Issues associated with the challenge of responding to expression of emotions The practitioners find difficulty in responding to the emotional communication of the service users and do not know when exactly to distract. It requires the practitioner to provide a response that will be memorable to the service user and in as much as it will be of help(Greenberg, L. S. . , 2017). Qualities of helpful and unhelpful embedded counseling conversations Embedded counseling has been of great importance in portraying the difference between helpful and unhelpful counseling conversations. It is determined by the effectiveness of the counseling session and how useful the client finds the conversation meaningful and helpful in the long run (Wang, 2015). Strengths/gaps The reading portrays a major strength of the uses of numerous counseling skills provided by the non-qualified professionals like the teachers, nurses and members of the clergy. The study emphasizes that the public identifies more with the non-qualified staff as they can help them cope with social and emotional issues hence reducing stress. Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities This is a journal article that was generated as a result of a study involving staff members on working with people with intellectual disabilities before and after bereavement. This was arrived at due to the increased mortality rates and the ageing population. It was therefore realized that their reaction was not any special from those of others and that they did not only suffer the loss of death(Heller, T., Fisher, D., Marks, B., Hsieh, K. , , 2014). Consequently staff had positive attitude grieving with people who had intellectual disabilities just like other people. It was still acknowledged that they experienced different post death behavior as well. This is a journal article that focuses on supporting adults with intellectual disorders during experiences of loss and bereavement through suggestions from staff and training activities. The author of this journal is John McEvoy. The audience includes the adults with intellectual disability as it show them how to deal with bereavements. The staffs of given organizations so that they can be able to go through the training needs and implement them when dealing with people with intellectually disabilities are also an appropriate audience. Themes: Factors affecting post bereavement adjustment This encompasses the type of relationship if was so close or not, the type of disability involved and the post death involvement and the pre death involvement which affects the party involved so much if at all there was either of the two. Family This involves the role that the family has to play as a result of the loss like communicating to friends and other family members who may not be around, honoring the wishes of the dead if there was any and most importantly the ability to work hand in hand as a team and avoiding unnecessary conflicts that may arise(Beadle?Brown, J., Mansell, J., Ashman, B., Ockenden, J., Iles, R., Whelton, B., 2014). Role of staff in supporting the bereaved Put aside the personal and professional conflicts in time of death so as to help the bereaved overcome the situation with ease and less stress. Engage the individual so that he or she can understand what has happened and give the colleaguemore support. Strengths/gaps They have portrayed how the service users find it easy to confide in other practitioners due to their day to day interactions like a teacher and a student or a nurse and a patient other than seeking professional counseling(Barker, C., Pistrang, N. , 2015). Some gaps can also be identified in cases of non-professional counseling whereby the practitioner is not in real sense but advising. The practitioner finding themselves sympathizing other than empathizing with the service users hence may end up being carried away with emotions especially during communication hence reducing chances of professional support. Conclusion I agree with the authors of the above readings since they have done a significant work in the field of psychosocial counseling impacting positively on the service users at no cost and providing relevant information to the service users on how to deal with some special cases in that field. They have also given a basis of counseling skills and relevant trainings that are applicable in different mental disorders and psychosocial disabilities. Bibliography Alisic, E., Conroy, R., Magyar, J., Babl, F. E., ODonnell, M. L. . (2014). Psychosocial care for seriously injured children and their families: A qualitative study among Emergency Department nurses and physicians. . Injury,, 45(9), 1452-1458. Barker, C., Pistrang, N. . (2015). Research methods in clinical psychology: An introduction for students and practitioners. . Beadle?Brown, J., Mansell, J., Ashman, B., Ockenden, J., Iles, R., Whelton, B. (2014). . Practice leadership and active support in residential services for people with intellectual disabilities: an exploratory study. Journal of intellectual disability reserach, 58(9), 838-850. Chan, F., Thomas, K. R. (Eds.). . (2015). Counseling theories and techniques for rehabilitation and mental health professionals. .Springer Publishing Company. Chui, H., Ziemer, K. S., Palma, B., Hill, C. E. . . (2014). Peer relationships in counseling psychology training.,. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 27(2), 127-153. Greenberg, L. S. . . (2017). Emotion-focused therapy of depression. . Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies, , 1-12. Heller, T., Fisher, D., Marks, B., Hsieh, K. , . (2014). . Interventions to promote health: crossing networks of intellectual and developmental disabilities and aging. . Disability and health journal, 7(1), S24-S32. Hill, C. E., Kline, K., Bauman, V., Brent, T., Breslin, C., Calderon, M., ... Kuo, P. . (2015). Whats it all about? A qualitative study of meaning in life for counseling psychology doctoral students. Counselling Psychology Quarterly,, 28(1), 1-26. Hotham, S., Hamilton-West, K. E., Hutton, E., King, A. . (2014). An evaluation of a postural care training package: Improving self-efficacy in parents and teachers who care for a physically disabled child. Okun, B., Kantrowitz, R. . (2014). Effective helping: Interviewing and counseling techniques. . Nelson Education. Sommers-Flanagan, J., Sommers-Flanagan, R. . (2014). Tough kids, cool counseling: User-friendly approaches with challenging youth. . John Wiley Sons. Wang, K. T. (2015). Research design in counseling. . Nelson Education.

Dr. Cafe Coffee vs. Starbucks

Comparison of products and service These two companies play a vital role in the coffee industry in Saudi. This is because they offer similar products but the mode of presentation to the customers differs. This means that, despite the similarity in products and services offered by these key players in Saudi market, there are some differences which make them differ in customer satisfaction.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Dr. Cafe Coffee vs. Starbucks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Both companies deal with serving customers with coffee brewed within their premises (Corte swearingen, 2010). In fact, they brew their coffee brands to meet customer expectations hence attaining the ability to retain customers. dr. CAFÉ COFFEE ensures that they offer the best services to their customers in order to encourage them to come back. The management came up with a strategy of making the outlet accessible to potential cust omers. Unlike Starbucks, dr CAFÉ COFFEE has been able to open so many outlets in Saudi market hence getting a stable base to beat its challenger in the market. This is advantageous because customers do not have to travel long distances to have a cup of their favorite brand. The services inside dr. CAFE COFFEE are better that those at the Starbucks hence becoming a preference to many customers. The difference in service provision results from the fact that the service providers at dr. CAFÉ COFFEE are highly trained on customer service (Hulsmann and Pfeffermann, 2011). In addition, upon their employment they are taken through several trainings on customer service and public relations. Starbucks is better in the provision of snacks to the customers hence creating a challenge for dr. CAFÉ COFFEE. dr. CAFÉ COFFEE has been specializing in coffee only hence getting credibility from customers all over the world. However, changes in the market have forced them to introduce sn acks so that customers can have some accompaniment as they sip their favorite brands of coffee. Both companies concentrate on the main brands of coffee which are preferred by most consumers. These include Blonde roast, medium roast, dark roast, and flavored. All coffee outlets serve these brands of coffee, but they differ depending on who has brewed them.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other products sold by both companies include cookies and cakes. However, Starbucks has other dishes in its menu, and this makes it different from other coffee companies in Saudi market. Food has kept the company in a better position to challenge its competitors since many customers end up shifting to Starbucks. This happens as they look for places where they can take coffee and have lunch or dinner as they go about their businesses. Starbucks provide nutritious foods hence giving them an ad vantage over dr. CAFE COFFEE because customers who are careful about their health prefer visiting Starbucks outlets (Hulsmann and Pfeffermann, 2011). These special products have given the company a better chance to challenge the market leader in the market. This has been achieved because the company has been able to convince customers all over Saudi market that they can provide coffee brands alongside other dishes. Strategies dr. CAFÉ COFFEE implements to remain the market leader Dr. CAFÉ COFFEE has extremely hard working team of professionals who work to ensure that the company leads in the coffee industry in Saudi. Firstly, they have strategies to enable accessibility of their products by customers. This is achieved by opening outlets allover Saudi. These outlets are set strategically to ensure that all customers get easy access to them without incurring extra expenses. In fact, they locate these outlets near offices and places where social gatherings are likely to occur. The company also ensures that products are differentiated in a way such that everyone in the market can afford their favorite drinks. dr. CAFE COFFEE brews different coffee brands to ensure that different customer preferences are available in the market. This ensures that the company is reliable since customers get what they want all the time. The company has a pricing strategy that has seen all its products remain affordable and attractive to customers. These prices have enabled the company to attract and maintain more customers than other players in the market. People normally opt for quality and affordable products as opposed to low quality products. dr. CAFÉ COFFEE has maintained high standards of cleanliness hence being a preference to customers.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Dr. Cafe Coffee vs. Starbucks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company maintains high hygiene profile because they underst and the risks they may expose their customers to incase their products get contaminated. This company has developed a system of involving customers in improving their products and service provision. Customers are required to fill in a questionnaire regarding the reception and service provided to them by company’s staff. This helps in improving customer relationships hence creating a hospitable reception for customers. In addition, they leave comments on the quality of coffee served (Lantos, 2010). This helps the quality control people in knowing whether they are giving the right quality of coffee to customers. Customer complaints and suggestions are not taken for granted by the company; instead they use them to improve their overall performance. All these strategies have helped the company in being the leader of others in the Saudi market. The company staff work hard to ensure that quality and customer satisfaction remains the key goals of the dr. CAFÉ COFFEE. Strategies Starbucks implements to remain the market Challenger This company struggles to ensure that it remains the key challenger of market leaders in the coffee industry. This is important in the market since every player has to ensure that they observe certain set standards in order to remain in the competitive market. In addition, the quality of service provided also is checked hence becoming advantageous to the customers. Starbucks have come up with strategies to introduce new products alongside those provided by the competitors. For example, the fact that they sell food in their outlet makes them able to remain key challenger to the leaders in the market (Plunkett, 2007). This is because they pose a serious threat to leaders in the market as people in search for food may end up having their favorite drinks from their outlets. The company has come up with advertising strategies to ensure that everyone in the market is aware of their products and services. This creates a tremendous challe nge to leaders because the entire market is made aware of products provided besides what they normally offer in the industry.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, they fact that Starbucks gives customers guides on nutrition is a crucial challenge and threat to leaders in the market. This is because they understand the importance of guiding people on what is suitable for their health among what one provides. Starbucks have also come up with pricing strategies to make sure that their services and products compete properly with those from their competitors (Schlosser, 2012). This has helped the company to pose significant threats to the market leader because many customers prefer having their favorite drinks at Starbucks due to their reasonable prices and quality of coffee and other dishes. References Corte swearingen (2010). Creating a powerful marketing communication strategy. Web. Hulsmann, M. Pfeffermann, N. (2011). Strategies and Communications for  Innovations: an Integrative Management View for Companies and Networks. Heidelberg: Springer. Lantos, P. G. (2010). Consumer Behavior in Action: Real-Life Applications for Marke ting Managers. New York: M. E. Sharpe. Plunkett, J. W. (2007). Plunkett’s Food Industry Almanac 2007 (E-Book): Food Industry Market Research, Statistics, Trends and Leading Companies. New York: Plunkett Research, Ltd. Schlosser, E. (2012). Fast Food Nation. Michigan: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. This report on Dr. Cafe Coffee vs. Starbucks was written and submitted by user Myles Park to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The heights of 16-18 year old young adults varies between males and females Essays

The heights of 16-18 year old young adults varies between males and females Essays The heights of 16-18 year old young adults varies between males and females Essay The heights of 16-18 year old young adults varies between males and females Essay ? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) then n ~ N ( à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ , ? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ ) provided that n is n sufficiently large. (A good rule of thumb is n ? 30) By using the Central Limit Theorem it enables me to make a prediction about the distribution of the sample mean even if I dont know the parent population. Providing the sample is large enough I am able to be confident that the mean of the sample is close to the population mean. Heights of 16-18 year old females x (inches) x^2 F xF x^2F 5ft 60 3600 1 60 3600 5ft 1inc 61 3721 5 305 18605 5ft 2inc 62 3844 8 496 30752 5ft 3inc 63 3969 10 630 39690 5ft 4inc 64 4096 5 320 20480 5ft 5inc 65 4225 4 260 16900 5ft 6inc 66 4356 6 396 26136 5ft 7inc 67 4489 3 201 13467 5ft 8inc 68 4624 2 136 9248 5ft 9inc 69 4761 2 138 9522 5ft 10inc 70 4900 1 70 4900 5ft 11inc 71 5041 1 71 5041 6ft 72 5184 1 72 5184 6ft 1inc 73 5329 1 73 5329 Total 50 3228 208854 Mean 64.56 Variance 9.0864 Heights of 16-18 year old males x (inches) x^2 F xF x^2F 5ft 2inc 62 3844 1 62 3844 5ft 3inc 63 3969 0 0 0 5ft 4inc 64 4096 2 128 8192 5ft 5inc 65 4225 2 130 8450 5ft 6inc 66 4356 2 132 8712 5ft 7inc 67 4489 3 201 13467 5ft 8inc 68 4624 3 204 13872 5ft 9inc 69 4761 6 414 28566 5ft 10inc 70 4900 4 280 19600 5ft 11inc 71 5041 7 497 35287 6ft 72 5184 10 720 51840 6ft 1inc 73 5329 6 438 31974 6ft 2inc 74 5476 2 148 10952 6ft 3inc 75 5625 1 75 5625 6ft 4inc 76 5776 1 76 5776 Total 50 3505 246157 Mean 70.1 Variance 9.13 A 99% confidence interval for the height of females aged 16-18 = 64.56 Sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 9.0864 n = 50 ? (0.995) = 2.5758 ?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ n-1 ( n ) Sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ n-1 = 50 x 9.0864 = 9.272 49 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ x ? n-1 V n à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 64.56 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2.5758 x 9.272à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ V 50 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 64.56 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2.5758 x V 9.272 7.071 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 64.56 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2.5758 x 3.045 7.071 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 64.56 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2.5758 x 0.431 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 64.56 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1.110 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ is in the interval [ 63.45 , 65.67 ] 63.45 x 65.67 A 90% confidence interval for the height of females aged 16-18 = 64.56 Sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 9.0864 n = 50 ? (0.95) = 1.6449 ?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ n-1 ( n ) Sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ n-1 = 50 x 9.0864 = 9.272 49 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ x ? n-1 V n à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 64.56 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1.6449 x 9.272à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ V 50 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 64.56 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1.6449 x V 9.272 7.071 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 64.56 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1.6449 x 3.045 7.071 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 64.56 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1.6449 x 0.431 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 64.56 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.709 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ is in the interval [ 63.85 , 65.27 ] 63.85 x 65.27 A 99% confidence interval for the height of males aged 16-18 = 70.1 Sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 9.13 n = 50 ? (0.995) = 2.5758 ?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ n-1 ( n ) Sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ n-1 = 50 x 9.13 = 9.316 49 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ x ? n-1 V n à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 70.1 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2.5758 x 9.316à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ V 50 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 70.1 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2.5758 x V 9.316 7.071 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 70.1 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2.5758 x 3.052 7.071 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 70.1 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2.5758 x 0.432 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 70.1 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1.113 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ is in the interval [ 68.99 , 71.21 ] 68.99 x 71.21 A 90% confidence interval for the height of males aged 16-18 = 70.1 Sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 9.13 n = 50 ? (0.95) = 1.6449 ?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ n-1 ( n ) Sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ n-1 = 50 x 9.13 = 9.316 49 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ x ? n-1 V n à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 70.1 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1.6449 x 9.316à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ V 50 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 70.1 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1.6449 x V 9.316 7.071 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 70.1 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1.6449 x 3.052 7.071 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 70.1 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1.6449 x 0.432 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 70.1 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.711 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ is in the interval [ 69.39 , 70.81 ] 69.39 x 70.81 Comparing confidence intervals Below I have presented my confidence intervals graphically: This one shows the confidence intervals of 90% and 99% for the heights of females aged 16-18 years old. This one shows the confidence intervals of 90% and 99% for the heights of males aged 16-18 years old. As you can see by these to diagrams the bigger the confidence the more confident I am that the population will lie between the two values. However the smaller the confidence the less confident I am that the two values will lie between them two values. When you compare both the male and female confidences graphically you can see that the female heights are concentrated down the left side of the scale whereas the male heights are situated on the right side of the scale. This represents that males are taller than females. Conclusion When I relate my evidence that I have obtained from doing confidence intervals and working out the mean and variance values of both populations to my hypothesis, the distribution of the heights of males is bigger than the heights of females. I calculated two levels of confidence for both males and females; 90% and 99%. When I collected my data it wasnt random, however I did try and make sure that when I collected my data I ensured that I wasnt biased, I did this by not paying must attention to the persons height and the majority of people I asked were sitting down at a table, also I didnt collect my data at a modelling studio where the majority of the population would be over 6ft, If I had time I would have extended my problem by widening the age of males and females as I only managed to obtain the heights if males and females aged 16-18. I could have increased this by including younger and older populations. I could have concentrated my data collection on children aged 10-15 to compare the difference in height of all 10 year olds up to the age of 15. I could have also compared the difference in the heights of boys and girls as the age increases from age 10-15 to see if girls increase in height more gradually than boys do as they might shoot up at a certain age, or maybe it occurs the other way round. If I decided to keep to the data I had collected I could have adapted it by seeing if that the taller a person is, the bigger their shoe size would be and the shorter a person is, the smaller their shoe size would be. Formulae and definitions Variance Sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Mean Standard error s.e. = ? s.e. Vn Unbiased estimate ( n-1 ) Sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = ? n-1 n Confidence intervals C.I. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ x ? n-1 V n

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Low Voltage - Essay Example As the meter displays voltage in the Root Mean Square form, otherwise known as RMS, the eventual result must be multiplied by √2 to give peak value (Vpeak = Vrms X √2). The mulitmeter can then be set to DC voltage so that the voltage can be calculated at points A, B, C, and E in relation to point D. In this report, these results will be displayed and discussed in the results section. The voltage recorded at A (Vad) can be put up against the calculated peak value of (Vxy peak). In perfect circumstances, these results should end up being the same, except point A was reduced due to a drop in the voltage current across the rectifier diodes. The voltages in the terminals of the transistors and across the 1â„ ¦ resistor (this is the voltage between A & C, Vac) are then measured. The results of this were then taken down and will be shown in the results section further down. The mains power is then switched off and the "Collector Link" was disconnected. Also, the multimeter was set to a DC current measurement. After performing this, the power can then be turned back on and the transistors collector current (Ic) is measured. This is only possible through connecting the multimeter between the two exposed pins that make up the Collector Link. The power is then turned off one more time and the Collector Link can be reconnected; however, the Base Link is still connected this time. After this, the power can be turned on once again on and the transistors base current (Ib) can be measured. This is done through connecting the multimeter between two exposed pins that make up the Base Link. At this point in time, these values are taken down and the Base Link connection can finally be restored. In this setup, the currents for the emitter and transistors collector are virtually the same. The results section shows that the power supply load current is exactly the same as the current used for the transistor

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Occupational Therapy Reflective Essay

Occupational Therapy Reflective Essay â€Å"I’m an occupational therapist, an obscure profession if there ever was one. We are few and far between, maybe because we have chosen toserve people with disabilities. All disabilities. Not a glamorous endeavour, nor a lucrative one. And I say serve because we deem that in helping we see weakness, while in servingwe see wholeness. We’ve opted for wholeness nearly a century ago and have been at odds with the system ever since. We don’t fix people, you see: with them, we simply try to find a way tomeaning,balance, andjustice. I chose occupational therapy because it blendsscienceandhumanism,intellectual rigourandcompassion.† — Rachel Thibeault (fromOccupational Therapists without Borders)1 Occupational Therapy First Year Portfolio Task A year ago, I was in my final year at high school and studying for finals. Now, I am a first year Occupational Therapy (OT) student at the University of Witwatersrand who is getting ready for her end of year exams, scary stuff! But I can’t complain when I think back on how much I’ve learned this past year and how it has impacted me when I think about my future. At the core of it, this year has taught me that OT is not what I thought it was. Yes, I had an idea of what an OT does in terms of activities but I was not aware of what it would take to get to the same point as the OT’s who I had observed during my time job shadowing in my matric year. I’ve learned a lot during this first year and I now have a deeper understanding of the career path that I am pursuing- what it will demand from me, how it will influence the lives of others through me, the scope of OT and what I need to know to not only be good as an OT, but to be a great OT. It has me anxious about the mountainous path looming ahead and passionate to reach the finish line all at the same time. In talking about the mountains that I see rising ahead of me, I thought that I would reflect on the mountains that I have already crossed and how they impacted my grasp of OT and how it helped me to link the theory to the clinical uses. The first mountain was Problem Based Learning (PBL) which actually grounded me in order to prepare me for the much larger mountain: Fieldwork. One of the first lectures that we had was on PBL’s, problem based learning. And to say that I took the concept for granted and wrote PBL’s off as time-wasters would be correct. So when I realised just how helpful and beneficial PBL groups could be, I was all in. PBL’s have taught me the importance of working as a group, time-management, designation of tasks, following certain steps in order to reach a set goal and understanding different concepts from a first-look evaluation and then comparing this to theory or researched constructs.6 This form of methodology can be defined as a teaching and learning strategy where students learn about a subject through the experience of problem solving.6 During this process students learn about thinking strategies and gain knowledge and insight into the topic. PBL teaches us to think critically rather than to draw superficial conclusions. Our first problem in PBL prepared me for what OT is, the background into OT and the profess ional environments of an OT. PBL taught me that occupations are daily activities that reflect cultural values, provide structure to living, make appropriate use of an individual’s time and give meaning to their lives.8 Occupation could also be said to be ‘ordinary and familiar’,4 thus it is the nature of the occupation that gives it purpose and meaning. 4 Even Occupational Therapy was better explained to me once I had combined my new knowledge with that of our textbook: Occupational Therapy can be accomplished through the teaching, facilitation and maintenance of skills, the encouragement of engagement in â€Å"purposeful activity† 2 and in â€Å"occupation† 2 so that a person can reach his/her optimal level of function†. 3 OT is both an art and a science which uses occupation as both a means and an end in therapy, both in individual and group therapies, to enable people, families and communities in a wide range of settings. 7 This is a lot more in-depth and complicated than I ever suspected it could be. I think that I was under the impression that occupation meant ‘work’ like so many others believe. And even in knowing and understanding this, I still battle to explain it to people. I even have a friend who calls OT’s glorified housewives who love to garden! One thing that has become clear to me, studying our Problems in PBL, sitting through our Psychology and Sociology classes and studying OT this past year- OT is very holistic. Never is a patient defined by their symptoms and OT’s tend to study every aspect of a person’s life before drawing conclusions or beginning therapy. The word ‘holistic’ has come to mean many things to me this year, but none more than that a person’s characteristics areâ€Å"intimately interconnected and explicable only by reference to the whole†.9 Once I had gained the theoretical knowledge about OT, I was more than ready to start with the fieldwork part of the year. I was placed at Thambo Memorial Hospital in Boksburg for four mornings over three weeks. The patient that I was assigned to was diagnosed with deep partial thickness burns with an amputated lower left arm from the elbow. But aside from my patient I was able to observe my Fourth Year with her other patients, was able to ask her questions and even assist in certain assessments, treatments and activities. This was a completely different experience to the one that I had had when I job shadowed at the same hospital a year before. As an outsider and someone who is not aware of what OT truly meant, I merely saw the assessment of different patients at a superficial level and only really understood the treatment as games or activities that would keep the patient busy so that they did not notice that they were making use of the injured or problem area. Thankfully I now unde rstand OT better and can see certain aspects of therapy and theory coming out in the actions of the OT’s and their patients. Being able to see therapy performed from this view and being able to interact and speak with other OT’s on a more professional level has helped to cement my plan to become an OT. During my time at the hospital I was lucky enough to observe most of the steps in the OT process. The OT process is defined in the Practise Framework as the collaboration of the OT and the patient through the steps of evaluation, intervention and outcomes in order to achieve health and participation in life through the engagement in occupation .5 The evaluation step consists of the occupational profile and the analysis of occupational performance which help the OT determine what the patient hopes to gain during therapy, what they need to accomplish, what the patient can do and what are the barriers or supports to their health and participation in therapy. In this, I was able to speak with and fill out forms for two separate patients and also assist in the assessment of a third patient. With the occupational profile, the patient is very much the centre and all the questions are focused around them so that the appropriate goals for the end of therapy can be set. Intervention has three parts to it: intervention plan, intervention implementation and intervention review. The plan is developed by both the OT and the patient to guide the therapy with the use of theory. Outcomes or goals are also decided upon during this stage. Implementation is the actions of the OT which will revolve around therapy as well as the support and encouragement needed to see an improved occupational performance.7 Implementation is direct towards the goals set and the OT is required to monitor and develop the patient at all times5 so that the activities are appropriate and can be adapted if they are not performing in the intended way. Finally, review is simply reflecting on the implementation and assessing the progress towards the set goals. Outcome is the determination of success at reaching the desired goals. The results of this step will be used in planning further therapy if it is needed. This step is one of the hardest to observe in my opinion and is also very subjective. A patient may feel that he is fine and does not need any more therapy while the OT may see him as dysfunctional. To be dysfunctional is not saying that there is something socially wrong with a person or that they are overtly damaged, this is something that I have come to learn this year. Dysfunction, defined within an OT’s perspective is â€Å"when a person cannot do or is at risk for not being able to partake in occupational participation and performance†.10 In terms of my assigned patient I was unfortunately able to witness the barriers between her and my Fourth Year who was her OT which resulted in her unwillingness to participate in therapy, added to that was her de-motivation and also the selection of an inappropriate activity during therapy. My patient was French speaking and thus the OT could not effectively fill out her necessary forms, could not adequately communicate with her and had to get this information from the patient’s husband. And so the patient, who the OT thought, enjoyed cooking and cleaning chose an activity of making milkshakes. Once I spoke to the patient (since I know some French) it became clear that she does not enjoy milkshakes and only cooked and cleaned because it was culturally expected of her as a wife. This brings into play the therapeutic relationship. The therapeutic alliance between the patient and the OT develops over time11 and requires the OT to be able to communicate in an effective way such that these details are made known. Because of what happened to my Fourth Year with her miscommunication with her patient, I now understand the importance of our Dictionary assignments- to be able to communicate with any patient, no matter how rudimentary it is. Also, the selection of activities is imperative, especially for patients who are de-motivated which often occurs with burns patients or amputees. The loss of a limb or partial limb is a huge thing to deal with both physically and emotionally and burns patients are often de-motivated due to the pain of movement. Choosing the correct activity during therapy of these patients can determine whether there will be any progress in that session or not and also whether the patient will continue to be de-motivated or could possibly start to find reasons/purposes to want the therapy to succeed. This can also be accomplished through the therapeutic use of self to be able to use yourself, as an OT professional, to read the situation and a dapt it, 11 whether it is during evaluation or during the intervention steps. Culture also needs to be considered when referring to patients. An OT need to take their patient’s culture into consideration and respect it. While culture may not define a person, it does indeed impact on their lives and ways of living. 12 Thus, my patient may only cook and clean because she is a wife but it is her responsibility in the home so she will need to rehabilitate to a point where she can continue with her tasks, but it may not be a good idea to use these tasks as activities since she sees them as work rather than leisure tasks. Overall, I would definitely say that this year has been a success. My knowledge of OT and the profession has increased and I am even more certain that I want to be doing this as a career. The importance of the OT process is further defined by role of an OT which is categorised through the use of self, the therapeutic relationship, proper communication and compounded with a firm foundation of knowledge and attained skills. To reiterate what Rachel Thibeault said, â€Å"we see wholeness We don’t fix people, you see: with them we simply try to find a way tomeaning,balance, andjustice.†1 Occupational Therapy is about the patient, it is not about us save for what we can do for others So the goal is to learn, make mistakes, learn from them, observe and experience as much as possible so that we can do everything possible to help them. From this end of the mountain range, I can only see the obstacles blocking the destination from my sight. And yet I am not feeling deterred. Rather, I am excited to see what the mountains will contain and what I can learn from them. The next mountain that I see is end of year exams So I think that I am going to do this one mountain at a time and never forget what I have learned and discovered on the way so that I am prepared for every challenge that approaches me. Works Cited 1 Gerber,AK. OT Without Borders. http://otwithoutborders.wordpress.com/2013/06/26/im-an-occupat/ (accessed 30 September 2014). 2 Hersch, G. I., Lamport, N. K., Coffey, M.S. Activity Analysis: Application to Occupation, 5th ed.: SLACK Incorporated; 2005 3 Thorner, S. The Essential Skills of an Occupational Therapist. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 1991; 6(64). 4 Curtin, M., Molineux, M., Supyk- Mellson, J. Occupational Therapy and Physical Dysfunction: Enabling Occupation, 6th ed.: Elsevier: Churchill Livingstone; 2010. 5 American Occupational Therapy Association. (2008). Occupational Therapy Practise Framework: Domain and Process (2nd Edition). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62, 625-683 6 Devan, D., Casteleijn, D.. Problem Based Learning 2014. Lecture presented at Khanya Building, Wits Education Campus; 2014. 7 Schell B., Gillen G. Scaffa M. .Willard and Spackmans Occupational Therapy. 12th ed. Baltimore MD. Lippincott, Williams Wilkins; 2013 8 Jay J. Occupation Activity. Lecture presented at Khanya Building, Wits Education Campus; 2014. 9 Oxforddictionaries.com. holistic: definition of holistic in Oxford dictionary (British World English) [Internet]. 2014 [cited 1 October 2014]. Available from: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/holistic 10 Smith R. Intro to Occupational Dysfunction. Lecture presented at Khanya Building, Wits Education Campus; 2014. 11 Devan D. Occupational Therapy Process: PBL Post Problem Tut. Lecture presented at Khanya Building, Wits Education Campus; 2014. 12 Smith R. Cultural Diversity. Lecture presented at Khanya Building, Wits Education Campus; 2014.

Atheism as an Evolution of Thought and its Place Among the Religious Mu

Atheism is defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary as (a) a disbelief in the existence of a deity or (b) a doctrine that there is no deity and by The Oxford Dictionary as the disbelief or lack of belief in the existence of God or gods. The Supreme Court proceedings of Schempp vs. Curlett defined atheism in eloquent humanist terms: An atheist loves his fellow man instead of a god. An atheist believes that heaven is something for which we should work now – here on earth for all men together to enjoy. An atheist believes that he can get no help through prayer but that he must find in himself the inner conviction and strength to meet life, to grapple with it, to subdue it, and enjoy it. An atheist believes that only in a knowledge of himself and a knowledge of his fellow man can he find the understanding that will help to a life of fulfillment. He seeks to know himself and his fellow man rather than to know a god... He believes that we are our brother’s keepers and are keeper of our own lives; that we are responsible persons and that the job is here and the time is now. For the purposes of this discourse, the terms atheist and atheism will encompass this humanist philosophical view point as well as modes of thought based upon scientific principals and tangible realities of existence; thus avoiding defining atheism only in relation to theistic belief systems. It is important to acknowledge that atheism, and indeed non-theism as well, is not simply a reaction to theistic beliefs or an angry rebellion against the theocratic majority. Rather, it is a celebration of life, a complete acceptance of mortality, and a joyfulness in truth. â€Å"And what is more pleasing than practical wisdom when you consider the reliability and efficiency ... ...iedrich. Twilight of the Idols and The Anti-Christ. Trans. R J Hollingdale. 1889. Introduction Micheal Tanner, 1990. Translator’s Note R J Hollingdale, 1968. London: Penguin Group, 2003. Print. â€Å"Our Founder†. Carnegie Corporation of New York. 2009 Pellissier, Hank. â€Å"Atheist are the Most Generous – Even Without Heaven Reward!†. The Richard Dawkins Foundation. 25 November 2011. Web. 3 April 2012. School District of Abington Tp., Pa. Vs. Schempp. No. 374 US 203. Supreme Court of the US. 17 June 1963. Westlaw. Web. 16 April 2012. â€Å"Sean Faircloth, Former Executive Director†. Staff. Secular Coalition For America, n.d. Web. 3 April 2012.

Sci/256 Environmental Pollution Outline

Environmental Pollution Outline Jason D Windham SCI/256 November-26-2012 University Of Phoenix Environmental Pollution Outline Water management- developing various plans to maintain the present and future water demands. It also may include importing state water, developing new resources, using reclaimed water, and managing existing supplies more cautiously. Describe water management and use. Freshwater sources- Is water from the earth surface using glaciers, bogs, ice caps, ponds, lakes, streams and rivers Water supply problems-The demand for water increases yearly.Water conservation-The carful use and protection of the water supply. Water use-Off stream is water used from its source such as rivers and stream. Then you have Consumptive using which is the use from off stream by plants and animals. Next there is the in-stream usage which is the use of rivers for navigation, hydroelectric power generation, fish and animal habitats and also recreation. Effects of water use and management practices on the environment Short-term effects- Long-term effects- It’s really is a major concern due to climate change of the earth it can be uncertain.Three major types of environmental pollution- Water pollution , Air Pollution, Land Pollution Identify type one. Causes Treatments Effects on ecosystem health Effects on human health Identify type two. Causes Treatments Effects on ecosystem health Effects on human health Identify type three. Causes Treatments Effects on ecosystem health Effects on human health Global warming Background Describe the Earth’s atmosphere. Describe the Earth’s energy budget. Global warming concepts What makes the Earth warm? – Explain the greenhouse effect. What natural greenhouse gases are associated with the greenhouse effect?What anthropogenic greenhouse gases contribute to global warming? The future Predicted climate, weather, and ocean changes of increased global warming Potential environmental, ecological, and societal effects from increased global warming Evidence that supports or refutes increased global warming predictions and effects Prevention How might global warming be mitigated? What can you do to decrease the effects of global warming? What political constraints might influence decisions on global warming? As a global society, how can nations and individuals influence policies and practices to mitigate for increased global warming?

Leonardo Da Vinnci essays

Leonardo Da Vinnci essays Leonardo Da Vinci was born on April 14, 1452 in the town of Vinci near Florence Italy. He kept the name of his town for his last name. He lived during the fifteenth century, a period when the people of Europe were becoming interested in art. This period of time was known as the Renaissance period. Leonardo Da Vinci was very talented. He was a great artist, but he became famous because he was able to do so many other things. He was an architect, a musician, inventor, sculptor, scientist, and mathematician. His artistic talent revealed its self early in his life. When he was about 15 years old Leonardo's father took him to Florence Italy, to train as a painter and sculptor in the studio of Andrea del Verroccho. He studied with this master until the age of twenty five. At this point, he set up his own business and was famous for being a painter and a man of science. As a scientist, he observed everything he could in nature. Leonardo used what he learned from nature and science to make his paintings look real. He drew and took many notes of what he observed. His notes were written backwards, probably because he didn't want people to read about his discoveries and observations. In order to read Leonardo's notes, one has to hold them up to a mirror. In 1472 he entered a painters' guild. His earliest extensive works date back to this time. In 1482 Da Vinci worked for Duke Lodovico Sforza in Milan for 18 years. He fulfilled the position as court artist, but also worked as an engineer and architect. While in Milan Leonardo developed more theories about painting. Leonardo believed that knowledge should be based on observation. He believed that observation led to understanding, and artists had an obligation to record this understanding by painting accurate images. He made sketches of everything around him. This caused him to make a master plan, his plan was to record the structure of every building in the world. He believed...

Almost Perfect Being essays

Almost Perfect Being essays Today, there are humans all over the world that are looked up to. Celebrities, beauty queens, and athletes are placed on pedestals because people worship them. Worship, however, does not equal perfection. In William Shakespeares The Tempest, innocent Miranda is placed on a pedestal although she is not perfect. Mirandas love, not perfection, helps her father, Prospero reconcile with his brother, Antionio and Alonso, the King of Naples that betrayed him such a long time ago. Miranda is placed on a pedestal and viewed as an almost perfect being throughout the book. In The Tempest, Prospero places Miranda on a pedestal by giving her an education far better then other princesses. He tells her that although other princesses have trivialities unlike hers, he can still give her an education as a dedicated tutor. Prospero teaches Miranda so much more because he is a magician that knows how important it is to exercise mind and mental strength. Prospero knows that her intense, yet naive knowledge he has blessed her with will develop her character, and is proud to have taught her so much. When Miranda gave Caliban language, she endowed thy purposes with words that made them known. Although Miranda teaching Caliban does not replace his savage spirit, Miranda returns the education her father has given her to Caliban. Miranda obviously knows the language well enough to go back and teach it to others. Mirandas beauty is commented on throughout the play and she is even mistaken for a non-mortal. In Ferdinands amazement, he asks her if she is a young woman or not. Miranda is so beautiful that Ferdinand thinks that she surpasses any mortal and it is likely impossible for her to speak his language. When she replies back telling him not to marvel, it is apparent that she takes his compliment to her beauty very lightly. Prospero tells Miranda that when he was at sea, she was an angel that saved him ...

Business and service marketing 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business and service marketing 1 - Essay Example Those with existing brand value have been successful in reaping the benefits of e-commerce. Tesco, the giant retailer, is UK’s largest retailer in terms of market share and the world’s biggest e-grocer (Yoruk & Radosevic, 2000). Sustained competitive advantage can be gained by offering what creates value for the customers. Porter defines value as ‘what buyers are willing to pay’. Bevan and Murphy (2001) contend that firms can do this by either lowering the costs or doing something different from competitors. Tesco had initially launched their online channel Tesco Direct but today they have moved beyond online grocery retailing and offer a wide range of products. Their website www.tesco.com enables the customers to buy online from their familiar local store. The pricing and inventory system is linked directly to Tesco.com so that the customers can select the good at the prices they are used to (MÃ ¼ller-Lankenau, Klein & Wehmeyer, 2004). They charge a nominal fee as delivery charges for their online customers. Besides, Tesco had the first-mover advantages in introducing online grocery shopping but in addition, it gained its market leading position by educating and empowering its customers to ta ke up the online channel (Tse, 2005). This created the point of differentiation which added value to its service offering, thereby giving it the competitive advantage. Another point of differentiation in its services that Tesco has created is that it is the only retailer whose site is accessible by the disabled or the impaired people. The government of UK is attempting to make improve the quality of their life so that they live as normal a life as others. Tesco has taken the step and integrated accessibility into the main stream grocery site (Mairs, 2006). This accessible website was created for the partially sighted and blind people but had more of the normal visitors as well. This helped it to improve its customer base and the bran

Analysis of the movie October Sky in terms of socialization Essay

Analysis of the movie October Sky in terms of socialization - Essay Example He is unable to 'think big' in the context of intellectual freedom and the procedure is just the extension of the local neighborhood, or in other words, the coal mines. As we have seen in the novel "Germinal" by Emil Zola, the local characters other than Homer tends to be engrossed by the day to day living and livelihood of the mines and are just unable to think beyond the parameters of their circumstances. "That is simply what happens to kids in Coalwood, at least those who can't escape by means of a football scholarship. They become coal miners, fighting to make a living, threatening to strike, and choking on coal dust." (Chastain, Norman Transcript) In this scenario, Homer finds himself in a situation where he finds no alternative other than rockets to opt for a better living. He tries to influence other kids to help him build rockets. The two other teens who agreed to help him out in this matter appears to be no as foresighted as Homer and are generally reluctant with a tint of amusement included to it. But all is not that muted after all. As in our social life, Homer finds a supportive hand in his mother and his school teacher.

Rice with chicken Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rice with chicken - Essay Example The following ingredients are required: one cup of rice, chicken pieces, one onion, one tomato, a teaspoonful of garlic and ginger paste, chopped parsley, salt, coriander, rosemary, squeezed lemon juice, paprika and black pepper. First, ensure that the chicken pieces are diced to appropriate sizes and chunks. This will ensure that the process of cooking accords them the chance to cook evenly. Secondly, ensure that the pan contains some oil that will be allowed to heat. The chopped onions, crushed garlic and ginger paste should be added to the oil and fried until golden brown. The chopped tomato and parsley all chopped should be added to the pan next. This will be allowed to blend into the onions, garlic and ginger paste that are already cooking. The chicken pieces should be dropped into the paste and stirred to ensure that the paste mixes into them (Renfrew 33). Next, the black pepper and paprika are added, followed by some water and salt. The pan should be covered to ensure that the chicken adequately cooks. It is imperative to allocate the chicken meal twenty minutes to cook. Meanwhile, heat two cups of water in a pan. Allow the water to heat as the rice drains after washing. Add a tea spoon of salt and crushed rosemary into the water. Set the washed rice into the mixture, stir and then allow cooking for seven to ten minutes. After the rice is set, ensure that the chicken is adequately mixed with the rice, and then squeeze the lemon juice into the mixture. The meal is ready for serving (Renfrew 48). In conclusion, serve the rice and chicken in desirable amounts. Ensure that the meal is served while still hot so as to bring out its true taste. This meal can be served with drinks such as soda and fruit juices. The meal can also be accompanied by vegetable or fruit

The Median Home Price Essay Example for Free

The Median Home Price Essay The median home price in your area has increased in the last 10 years, how does this differ from the mean home price your area?   The mean, which is commonly known as the average, is the sum of numerical coefficients divided by the number of quantity redundancy.  Ã‚   For instance, the mean of numbers 2, 4, 4, 5, 10 is 5, while its median is 4.   The median, on the other hand, is the middle coefficient in a given set of numbers. Given the basic difference of mean and median, it is therefore possible for the median home price to have a greater or lesser value, which is ultimately dependent on the price range in the area.    For instance, if my community is very diverse in terms of economic capacities of the residents, the cheapest home being $50,000 and the most expensive being $1,550,000, then the median home price would be $800,000.   If in this same neighborhood, the number of high-income house is considerably more than lower income house, then the mean or average price can be higher than $800,000; if there is a larger number of low-income houses, then the mean or average price can be lower than $800,000. Mean and median are essentially different measures with different purposes. The mean is the more accurate measure when the spread of pricing is fairly small in terms of range.   If the neighborhood is homogenous in terms of economic profile, then the mean can be used. If there are deviants in price, like very cheap or very expensive houses, which can drastically change the average, then the median is more appropriate to use. In conclusion, the median home price in my area for the past ten years can remain unchanged, while the mean is increasing or decreasing; this can go both ways or simultaneously. What needs to be considered, in determining whether to use the mean or median, is the numerical price spread of the houses.

Othello :: essays research papers

After reading Shakespeare’s play OTHELLO you have to ask yourself is Othello as much a victim as he is a murderer? An assumption may be that because Othello kills his wife after the devious behavior of Iago, then maybe Othello is a victim of Iago’s evil. Some may argue that the sin of Iago to plot the down fall of the moor, is worse because it becomes a calculating mind compared to Othello’s sin because he has become a pawn in Iago’s hands. However, it is noticed that Othello allows himself to be manipulated. Iago’s suggestion of the infidelity of Desdemona, Othello’s wife, provides just the excuse Othello needs to justify the destruction of the wife he believes can not truly love him. Desdemona’s murder is a result of Othello’s pride and quick judgment, as a result, he must be held accountable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Othello, unlike Iago, is capable of forming strong, loving relationships. His genuine friendship with Iago confirms this fact. Othello allows himself to be influenced by Iago, and allows Iago to bring out his most evil characteristics. Although Iago may be the more evil of the two, Othello does little to prevent his instincts from becoming dominant. To see why Othello commits his crime and why he has to be held accountable for it, we must examine his motive. It can be claimed that what actually causes Othello to commit murder is not his being mentally weakened and manipulated by Iago, but rather his own pride and lack of confidence which he allows to gain control. Othello is a strong leader, but he is insecure with his personal qualities. He is in a new city with different customs. He has a new bride, a young and beautiful girl, who he loves but does not know well. The Moor surely is aware of the widespread prejudice in Venice and certainly has to question why Des demona would go against her culture by marrying a black man. Othello has his doubts about Desdemona before Iago begins his scheming. Even though his wife shows nothing but love for him, Othello cannot believe in her love wholeheartedly. â€Å"Tis not to make me jealous to say my wife is fair, feeds well, loves company†¦Nor from mine own weak merits will I draw the smallest fear or doubt of her revolt, for she had eyes and chose me† (Act III, Scene III, 198) Othello is going to conclude that Desdemona's compassion and virtue alone enable her to love him.

Cultural Diversity Essay -- essays research papers

Cultural Diversity: Campus Climates and Classroom Instruction American Society has been and continues to become increasingly mixed, complex, and variegated in its cultural practices and ethnic make up. However, the state schools have fallen short of race goals established thirty-one years ago in a desegregation case now known as Geier v. Sundquist. The University of Tennessee at Knoxville has notoriously had one of the worst recruiting efforts for diversifying undergraduates. This realization makes the cultural atmosphere at Knoxville non-diversified resulting in a predominantly white campus. Despite recent statistics from 1993-1994, African Americans’ enrollment is about 5 percent of the student body, and only 4 percent of the faculty. Moreover, American Indian, Hispanic, and Asian Americans now comprise about 5 percent of the enrollment, and international student enrollment have also maintained a fair 4 percent. The University of Tennessee at Knoxville should recognize the dynamic interaction of communities and cultures that comprise c ontemporary America, as well as the world. Reflecting on this interaction, the university should change its curriculum and campus environment because campus climates ultimately influence the effectiveness of a diverse democracy and, therefore builds a mutually respectfully community. There could be reasonable objections to diversifying the campus here at UT, but the major philosophy is to expand our knowledge of other cultures and to explor...

Mehta Daryush PhD Thesis Proposal FINAL

Dimmitt D. Delivery, PhD, University of South Carolina, whose areas of expertise are in the acoustic analysis of voice and the development of laryngeal high-speed videophones. The proposal, which is enclosed, was favorably received by the Committee, and we approved the scientific content and proposed work as being suitable for a PhD thesis. All of the above members of the Committee have agreed to serve on the Thesis Committee. Sincerely, Joseph S. Propeller Thesis Committee Chair Robert E. Hillman, PhD Thesis Co-Supervisor Once: Thesis Proposal Supervisor Agreements Reader Agreement Thomas F.Squattier, Sad PhD Thesis Committee Members 1 . Joseph S. Propeller, PhD (Chair) a. Title: Senior Research Scientist, Speech Communication Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology b. Major Discipline: Sensory-motor control of speech production c. Justification: Dry. Propeller fills the role of Chair as a non-supervisor and senior researcher at MIT. Dry. Per keel offers a wide knowledge range from voice and speech production to speech acoustics and motor involvement in pathological speakers. 2. Robert. E. Hillman, PhD (Co-Supervisor) a.Title: Co-Director/Research Director, Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital; Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School; Faculty of Harvard-MIT Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology b. Major Discipline: Voice function assessment c. Justification: Dry. Hillman is co-adviser and supports the clinical aspects Of the thesis project. The proposed research calls for data collection in the voice clinic and assessment of the voice production mechanisms and acoustic characteristics of human subjects. Subjects will be selected and evaluated under Dry.Hillman supervision. 3. Thomas F. Squattier, Sad (Co-Supervisor) a. Title: Senior Member of Technical Staff, MIT Lincoln Laboratory; Faculty of Harvard Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Tech nology b. Major Discipline: Speech signal processing c. Justification: Dry. Squattier is co-adviser and supports the signal processing aspects of the proposed research. Dry. Squatter's work includes the speech signal processing using multimode analysis, and this work especially relates to the proposed research on characterizing vocal fold vibratory asymmetries from multimode sensor measurements. 4.Dimmitt D. Delivery, PhD (Reader) a. Title: Associate Professor, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina; Director, USC Voice and Speech Laboratory b. Major Discipline: Voice acoustics and laryngeal high-speed videophones c. Justification: Dry. Delivery's areas of expertise are in the acoustic analysis of voice and laryngeal high-speed videophones. Dry. Delivery is a world-leader in the development of high-speed video camera technology for clinical voice assessment. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Te chnologySpeech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology Program proposal for Thesis Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Title: Investigating the impact of in vivo human vocal fold vibratory asymmetries: Co-variations among measures from laryngeal high-speed videophones, acoustic voice analysis, and auditory-perceptual voice assessment of sustained vowel phonated Submitted by: Darkish Meat 70 pacific street, Apt 516 Cambridge, MA 02139 Signature: Subtract: Signal Processing Date of Submission: Expected Date of Completion: November 25, 2008 July 2009Thesis Co-supervisors: Location of Research: Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital Abstract: Voice specialists make critical diagnostic, medical, therapeutic, and surgical decisions by coupling visual observations Of vocal fold tissue motion with auditory-perceptual assessments of voice quality. The details of the relationship between vocal fold tissue motion and the acoustic voice signal are not fully understood, and there is recent evidence that the acoustic impact of visual judgments of vibratory asymmetry may be overestimated during clinical voice assessment.A series of three descriptive studies is proposed to systematically describe the co-variations among measures of vocal fold vibratory asymmetries and visual-perceptual judgments, acoustic voice properties, and therapeutically ratings. First, recent findings describing co-variations be;en subjective visual judgments and basic objective measures of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry in subjects with and without vocal pathologies will be validated with automated algorithms.After replicating these results, image-based measures will be further refined to consider additional dimensions in the left-right and anterior-posterior planes f the images. Second, it is proposed to apply the developed objective measures of asymmetry to voice data from a new subject population with vocal pathologies that will be evaluated using a state-of-the-art system for laryngeal high-speed videophones. The new system will enable the validation Of hypothesized relationships between vocal fold vibratory asymmetry measures and objective acoustic voice measures at unprecedented temporal resolution.Preliminary work has revealed mild co-variations between average values of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry and traditional acoustic perturbation assure, and new acoustic correlates of vocal fold vibratory asymmetries will be explored using knowledge of their effects on voice production. Third, an initial study is proposed to characterize the influences of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry on the auditory perception of voice quality. This study more directly addresses the clinical reality that voices are assessed by relating vocal fold tissue vibratory patterns to the voice quality of a patient during a standard examination.Voice specialists make critical diagnostic, medical, therapeuti c, and surgical decisions based on coupling visual observations of vocal fold tissue motion With auditory-perceptual assessments of voice quality (Zestiest et al. , 2007). While clinical experiences indicate that this approach is generally valid, it is inherently limited to case-by-case observations, and the details of the relationship be;en vocal fold tissue action and the acoustic voice signal are not fully understood.Recent evidence indicates that visual judgments of vocal fold vibratory patterns may not adequately reflect changes in objective measures of the acoustic signal (Haven et al. , 2003). Furthermore, â€Å"[t]he anecdotal reports and stroboscopic findings of a prevalent typical amount of asymmetry cause a concern, in that it may indicate an increase in overreactions of laryngeal pathology' (Shaw and Delivery, 2008).The overall goal of this project is to better understand the relationship between vocal fold tissue motion and the acoustic characteristics f the glottal vo icing source so that clinical methods for assessing voice production can be improved. This work is made possible by recent advances in high-speed digital imaging, which provides adequate sampling for detailed intra- and inter-cycle comparisons between vocal fold tissue motion and the concomitant acoustic voice waveform.A series of three descriptive studies is proposed to systematically describe the co-variations among traditional and more advanced measures of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry and their impact on visual judgments, acoustic voice properties, and auditory-perceptual tings. First, it is proposed to replicate and improve upon recent findings describing co-variations between subjective visual judgments and basic objective measures of left-right vocal fold vibratory asymmetry in subjects with and without vocal pathologies (Bonham et al. , AAA; Bonham et al. Bibb). After validating the baseline co-variations with more automatic algorithms for computing left-right asymmetry, th e image-based measures will be further developed and optimized based on the visual judgments Of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry in both the left-right and anterior-posterior dimensions. Second, the developed objective measures of asymmetry will be applied to voice data from a new subject population exhibiting vocal pathologies who will be evaluated using a state-of-the-art system for laryngeal high-speed videophones.The new system will allow for the validation of hypothesized relationships between vocal fold vibratory asymmetry measures and objective acoustic voice measures at unprecedented temporal resolution. Preliminary work has revealed mild cavitations between overall values of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry measures and traditional acoustic perturbation measures. Acoustic correlates of vocal fold vibratory symmetries will be explored using knowledge of their effects on voice production. Third, an initial study is proposed to characterize the influences of vocal fold vibratory a symmetry on the auditory perception of voice quality.This study more directly addresses the clinical reality that voices are assessed by relating vocal fold tissue vibratory patterns to the voice quality of a patient during a standard stroboscopic examination. 1. 2 Thesis proposal structure This thesis proposal is organized as follows. First, Section 2 outlines the three specific aims and associated hypotheses of the proposed investigation, along tit a timeline of goals. Section 3 continues with background information on voice production mechanisms and reviews relevant research studies characterizing vocal fold vibratory asymmetries and the acoustic voice signal.Section 4 introduces work that investigated the co-variations between a preliminary measure of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry and traditional acoustic perturbation measures. Section 5 follows with the research design and methods for the three studies proposed. F-anally, Section 6 concludes with information regarding the use of humans as subjects in these studies. 2 Specific Aims A series of three studies is proposed to investigate the influence of vocal fold vibratory asymmetries on the acoustic voice signal.Specific aims and associated hypotheses of these studies are detailed below. 2. 1 Aim 1: Investigate co-variations between visual judgments of vocal fold vibratory' asymmetry and objective measures of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry in subjects with and without vocal pathologies Aim 1 proposes to validate and improve upon recent findings describing co- variations between subjective visual judgments and objective image-based measures of left-right vocal fold vibratory asymmetry in a subject population thou vocal pathologies.The recent findings have documented moderate correlations between visual-perceptual ratings and a basic objective measure of vibratory asymmetry of the left and right vocal folds (Bonham et al. , AAA). Completely automated image-based measures of asymmetry will be developed to rep licate the published co-variations with visual ratings on the same data. After validating the automated algorithms for computing asymmetry measures, the image-based measures will be refined and optimized with respect to the peculiarities judgment data to improve pond the baseline co-variations in subject populations with and without vocal pathologies.It is hypothesized that the new image-based measures of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry will co-vary with visual asymmetry judgments to a higher degree than previous image-based measure because of the ability to capture and integrate more temporal and spatial information from the image data. Acoustic voice signal in subjects with vocal pathologies Aim 2 proposes to apply the developed objective measures of asymmetry to voice data collected from a new subject population with vocal pathologies hat will be evaluated using a statute-the-art system for laryngeal high-speed videophones.The system will allow the validation of hypothesized relat ionships between vocal fold vibratory measures and objective acoustic voice 8 measures, on an average and frame-by-frame basis. Preliminary work has revealed mild co-variations between average values of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry and traditional acoustic perturbation measures (jitter, shimmer, and harmonics-to-noise ratio). As a result, these measures will be applied to a larger subject population and explore new acoustic correlates of vocal fold vibratory asymmetries using knowledge of voice production mechanisms.